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The Muslim Counter Crusade (The Rise of Saladin (Aleppo and Mosul…
The Muslim Counter Crusade
The context of Islamic power in the Near East from 1149
The rise of Nur ad din in Syria and Egypt
the Rise of Nureddin in Syria
Raymond II count of Tripoli
wanted alliance w/ Unur and nureddin to defeat his rival for power, Bertram
was captive of Zengi
Used hospitallers to patrol the borders of Tripoli
Inherited Aleppo from father Zengi (Brother Saphaddin inherited Mosul)
Nureddin couldn't call on Mosul for military assistance like his father
after he took Edessa rest of the state was taken by Seljuks and Nureddin
Damascus
Without Mosul, Damascus was vital
needed agricultural lands to feed his men and taxes from Damascus to pay them
Alliance between Unur of Damascus was reason that Franks withdrew from their siege b/c worried about there being an alliance or Nureddin just taking over
Conquests
June 1149: Battle of Inab = Nureddin captured Apamea + pushed Antioch's Eastern border closer to the city
Took Turbessel in 1149
Killed Raymond of Poitiers + beat assassins
Unur of Damascus died in August 1149 and Saphadin died in November
End to Nureddin's alliance w/ Mosul and Damascus
Abaq of Damascus seeked alliance with Franks instead to maintain independence from Nureddin
Mosul
After Saphadin died, another brother Qutbeddin in charge of Mousl
Nureddin wanted to attack and take Mosul
Qutbeddin acknowledge Nureddin as his overlord instead
Damascus
Abaq was unpopular
alliance with Jerusalem wasn't popular
citizens didn't like constant thrat from strong outsiders
Nureddin blockaded Damascus
Food was scarce + prices rose = Damascenes questioned loyalty to Abaq
Abaq fled (was given governership of Hons)
Nureddin came in, unopposed, bearing gifts of food
Alliance w/ Byzantium
negotiated treaty w/ Manuel to help him against Seljuk Turks in Anatiolia
This put an end to Frankish-Byzantine raids on his land
The Rise of Nureddin in Egypt
Weaknesses of Egypt
adult caliph al-Hafiz died in 1149
series of child caliphs after that controlled by viziers
in-fights over role of vizier
position seized by devious governor, Shawar
Dirgham took it from him a few months later + Shawar looked to Nureddin to help him get it back
at same time Amalric launched his first attack on Egypt b/c Dirgham stopped paying tribute to Franks
Amalric defeated easily
Nureddin sent Shirkuh (general) to help Shawar so Egypt wouldn't fall into Amalric's hands - Shawar promised to finance expedition
Franks took Ascalon in 1153
Nureddin took advantage of situation and set his sights on Egypt after pilgrimage in 1162
had combined resources of Mosul, Edessa, Aleppo and Damascus
Nureddin launched diversionary attack on Amalric + shirkuh took Egypt and returned Shawar to his position
Egypt had no money
Shawar couldn't pay money he had promised to Nureddin
Asked Amalric for help removing Shirkuh + restore his independence
Amalric's + Nureddin's army met at BIlbays in 1164 but not conclusive victory
1167
Muslim and Frankish armies met again
Franks under pretence of helping Shawar but really wanted Egypt for themselves
Shirkuh surprise attacked Amalric's + shawar's forces
Appealed to Shawar to switch sides but refused
Amalric made treaty w/ Egypt Caliph
Shirkuh then made surprise attack on Alexandria + then moved to attack at Cairo
Encounter ended inconclusively but Amalric got to leave troops in Cairo
Treaty w/ Amalric unpopular
Shawar asked for Shirkuh's help
Shirkuh defeated Amalric this time
Shirkuh declared Vizier
Shirkuh died a few weeks later leaving Saladdin in control
People didn't like this so Saladin didn't have a lot of support
Nureddin and Saladin barely worked together + Egypt went to Saladin through his positioning of family members in key roles
the growth of jihad
Promoted himself as a mujahid
warrior of jihad
Because he was a good general and personally pious
Propaganda
team of propagandist to ensure message reached everywhere
Wanted to defeat enemies of Islam + wanted to unite all Muslims
Methods
promoted and financed religious houses, educational establishments, hospitals
Organised public reading in mosques and schools
poems and books written to win over other Muslims
Made a virtue out of poverty
Renounced alcohol and wore plain clothes
The Rise of Saladin
victory at Hattin
Kingdom of Jerusalem 1185-7
1185 = Baldwin VI's death but Outremer still very stable
Raymond of Tripoli
Had made 4 year truce w/ saladin until 1189
after Baldwin V died in 1186 = his regency ended
Joscelin de Courtenay wanted to get him out of the way so Guy could have crown
Only rival to this was Humphrey and Isabella but Humphrey offered allegiance to Guy
Raymond and Baldwin of Ibelin didn't do homage to Guy
Guy persuaded to move against Raymond
Raymond asked Saladin for help + Muslim troops at Tiberias put Guy off BUT Raymond = treason
Raymond allowed mMuslim troops free passage across his lands
Reynald de Chatillon
1186-7 attacked trading caravan crossing his lands = gave Saladin excuse to attack
The battle of Hattin
Battle at Springs of Cresson
while Raymond and Guy were reconciliating
Saladin's son raided Galilee
Templars + Hospitallers went to fight but heavily outnumbered = only 3 knights survived
Saladin attacked Tiberias
left on 3 July + continuously harassed by Muslims
Franks army gathered at Saffiruya (20,000 vs Saladin's 30,000) + Guy decided to engage in combat
4 July surrounded by enemy - Raymond charged + was let through (sign of his treason)
rest of army gathered at Horns of Hattin + were defeated (relic of Ture Cross captured
nobles were captured (Guy) + Reynald de Chatillon was executed
Vizier of Egypt
how he got the title: Politcal ability
His uncle was previously vizier of egypt
Had two contenders - one was pro Nureddin turk and other able lieutenant
Was able to play one off the other and represent himself as a compromise
Fatimids and Nureddin
tried to walk line between them
Had supporters of the military but not of Nureddin
Nureddin confiscated his lands in Syria
Saladin added Nureddin's names to the friday prayers to placate him + appeared at court regularly for caliph
dealing w/ threats: military ability
war w/ Nubian palace guard
Cause by killing some plotters w/ Amalric
set fire to their families' houses and when they went to rescue them he killed them
those who survived were granted safe passage out of Cairo
Caliph swore loyalty to Saladin
Damietta
Byzantine-Frankish attack
Franks put off by fortifications built + Byzantines ran out of supplies = failure
position as vizier strengthened
Launched attack agaisnt Chirsitan - held territory but failed = meant that egypt was force to be reckoned w/ again
did launch attack on Gulf of al-Aqaba + secure pilgrimage route to mecca = profitable
put family in position of power
Father in control of tresuries at Alexandria and Damietta = supply of funds for expeditions
increased his power = could remove fatimid caliph from prayers and add Baghdad one instead
Saladin and Nureddin
Nureddin suspicious of Saladin
Wanted to put Saladin in his place
joint expeditions to take Montreal from Franks
Saladin withdrew before Nureddin arrive b/c uprising in Egypt
sent tribute to alliveiate rift but Nureddin still suspicious
joint forces would secure victory
Second Joint expedition planned to take Karak in 1173
Saladin withdrew forces again b/c father dying
further tensions between the two as Egypt getting stronger (further Egyptian conquest along North African coast)
Nureddin planned attack on Egypt but died before hand
Damascus
Death of Nureddin = 11 year old son in chardge of Damasucs
Saif ad din took Aleppo from Nureddin's son Shams ad din
moved to Damascus where recognised as regent
Saif ad din threw Shams and As-Salih in jail and took damascus for himself
Saladin used Jihadi rhetoric in taking Damascus by criticising them for looking to franks for help instead of him
Damascus rulers welcomed him w/ open arms + he entered in October 1174 - appointed brother as governor
Aleppo and Mosul
Saladin took Homs and Hamah
combined force from Aleppo and Mosul marched on Saladin at Hamah
Saladin prolonged negotiations to wait for reinforcements from Egypt
This would undermine him as head of ayyubid dynasty
battle on 13 April 1175: saladin only just victorious
Saladin had his own authority recognised inSyria but Al-Salih king in Aleppo (to march on order against franks)
another Aleppo-Mosul attack was defeated + Aleppo surrendered
By July 1175 he was lord of Egypt, Damascus + Sovereing of Aleppo
1181: Saif-ad-din and As-Salih died = took possession of Aleppo
Mosul: Izz-ad-din attacked ally of Saladin = attack in reltailiation
saladin vicotry = could appoint all emirs in Mosul