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The second crusade (The Impact of the second Crusade by 1149 (Latin West,…
The second crusade
The Impact of the second Crusade by 1149
Latin West
Frederick Barbarossa (under Conrad) would gain reputation on second crusade that would be useful in third
Louis returned w/ little gain but more reputation for piety
Bernard blamed sins of humanity + punishment from god for failure of second crusade (just worked)
Failure = only fall of Jerusalem would lead to third crusade in 1187
Muslim near east
Loss of Edessa to Zengi
boosted morale and jihad
signified power shift in Northern Syria b/c Edessa was buffer zone
Nureddin
Came into power after Zengi died
Franks attack on Damascus that failed would mean that Damascus would be firmly Nureddin's
Byzantine Empire
Agreed alliance against Roger of Sicily w/ Conrad
Suspicious of Raymond
Had plans to attack Aleppo and keep it as well as Antioch
Couldn't be sure of this b/c attacked failed
Raymond was meant to give Antioch when he got Aleppo
Outremer
failure to take Damascus = plan to attack Ascalon but only Conrad took this seriously + he left in September 1184
Failure = questioned crusader ideology + meant no more crusades until 1187
Melisende and Baldwin
went to civil war in early 1150s
Melisende didn't want to give her son regency of kingdom
The Islamic response to the Crusader states
Islamic Politics
powerbases
Baghdad = sunni Muslim + Abassid caliphate
Not hugely interested in events in Northern Syria and Palestine
Faced internal squabbles + delegation from Damascus was ignored
Duqaq of Damascus died in 1104 --> underage son Tughtakin in charge
Tughtakin made beneficial treaties + military strikes when possible or necessary
Received constant calls for help from Tughtakin of Aleppo
Finally responded to one in 1110
Army gathered to besiege Edessa
Frankish army where hesitant when they large Muslim army
Tughtakin left siege because worried what Franks would do to Damasucs
Rest of force left b/c running out of supplies
Nothing was achieved
Aleppo called again for help in 1111
Force led by Maudud of Mosul for Turbessel
Franks initially successful
Islamic force splintered when Kurdish leader Ahmadil bought off by promises of tribute from Lord of Turbessel, Joscelin
Other leaders didn't want to settle for money because they thought this was jihad
BUT Ahmadil had large portion of force + no more help was coming so Muslims broke up
Always fearful of losing own land = hinderance for muslim unity
Egypt = Shi'a Muslim + Fatimid Caliphate
Godfrey had lead defeat of Fatimids at Jerusalem and then at Ascalon = Palestine more secure + main threat was Baghdad
Ridwan of Aleppo made alliance w/ Tancred against Jawuli of Mosul (w/ Baldwin of Edessa on his side) in 1108
The Rise of Jihad under Zengi
Il-Ghazi's victory over the Franks at field of blood may have started counter-crusade but Muslims needed political leadership + military savvy
Rise to power
Married Ridwan's daughter + took control of Aleppo under the blessing of the people b/c there had been just poor rulers after Ridwan's death in 1113
Made governor of Mosul in 1127 + made treaties w/ Joscelin to have free hand against his Muslim rivals in the area
Attacked town of Al-Atharib (launcpad for Frankish raids on Aleppo) = victorious
made truce + then had to deal w/ stuff in Mosul + Aleppo
Had to keep going between Aleppo and Mosul = couldn't achieve main goal of Damascus but was a pain in the arse for the Franks
Constant attacks on Frankish land in Syria
Truce between Damascus and Jerusalem made attacking Damascus difficult
By 1143 was looking at Edessa instead
Jihad
First Muslim leader to realise words of Jihad
having both Mosul and Aleppo = had finances + soldiers to attack Franks = more Jihad
Personal habits
Insisted family of soldiers were well looked after + not corrupted by long absences
Would sleep in tent instead of palace on entering a city
shows how he could inspire men to fight against the franks for him
Edessa
acted as buffer zone in north + had to soak up raids from Muslim neighbours
Joscelin left Edessa w/ small garrison to spend Christmas at Turbessel
Zengi saw opportunity to attack Edessa
Zengi gathered large army + siege engines + surroneded the walls
also used sappers to tunnel under the walls
Walls collapsed on Christmas Eve 1144
After breakthrough first thing they did was rebuild defences in anticipation for counter attack
then captured more Frankish land east of Euphrates = Joscelin had to rule county of Edessa from Turbessel
Counter attack
Nur-al Din force-marched army from Aleppo + reclaimed from Joscelin (Joscelin backed down b/c he was outnumbered)
Would later take Damascus like his father had always wanted
Nur al-din punished city by plundering and killing
Rebellion started within city but then Joscelin joined it
were successful in recapturing
Came in 1146 - after Zeingi's death
Background
The crusaders fit in very well with the politics of the near east
Area had be subject to raids and conquest
Seljuks took land from each other + Byzantium
During 1st Crusade Armenians in towns held by Byzantine welcomed Tancred + Baldwin of Boulogne because they wanted protection from Seljuks
Also large schism between Shi'ah and Sunni muslims (Jerusalem had changed rulers while crusaders fighting in Antioch)
The preaching of the Second Crusade
Course
Crusade to the Baltic
Also known as Wendish cruade
Two main attack points
Dobbin
Demmin (also included attack on Steettin)
Were able to burn some pagan lands and convert some to Christianity
Conrad's Journey
poorly disciplined army lead through Europe
Had skirmishes w/ greek troops = ill-feeling between Conrad and Byzantine Emperor, Manuel
Conrad pitched camp west of COnstantinople
Flood came and devastated his army = lost men and supplies
Decided not to wait for Louis and continued to Anatolia alone
harassed by Seljuk mounted archers through Anatolia
Had overestimated how fast they could go and didn't have enough supplies
Went back to Nicaea w/ losses to foot soldiers particularly + on the way Conrad was injured
reached Nicaea + met Louis for the first time
Louis offered Conrad any help he could give
Army recovered and then moved on with French
Conrad went to Constantinople and Manuel tended his wounds = relationship improved
Louis' Journey
Reached Constantinople w/o any trouble
Manuel shipped them across Bosporus quickly
Crossing Anatolia
Victorious in first battle against Turks
Week later army became separated + Turkish attack = lost men, horses + supplies
Gave control to templars = victorious against turks
Arrived in Antioch in March 1148
Welcomed by Raymond = uncle of wife Eleanor of Acquitane
Raymond wanted to use crusaders to strengthen his hold on Antioch and Northern Syria
Wanted to take Aleppo w/o Manuel so he wouldn't have to give him Antioch back
Louis didn't want to stay in Antioch to help Raymond secure Aleppo
b/c of intense desire to go to Jerusalem
b/c of knowledge that attempt on Aleppo would not be precursor to Edessa
Raymond and Eleanor were rumoured to be lovers = no chance of help
Outcome
Council at Palmarea
Frankish nobility met
decision to attack Damascus was taken
Aleppo was out of running b/c of strained relationship between Raymond and Louis
would have been a good idea b/c was base for Nur al-Din
Would be good to strike Nur al-Din down before he grew too powerful
Knew that if they took Aleppo, Antioch would go back to Byzantium and no one wanted that
Edessa's fortifications rebuilt + w/o taking Aleppo first would be too difficult
Ascalon would have been good idea b/c only port in Muslim hands
Raids from there could be launced inland from Jerusalem
Jerusalem had castles in Ibelin, Blanchegarde + Bethgibelin to protect it
Damascus kept on launching attacks on crusader states
And peace treaty had stopped w/ Damascus after Nur al-Din linked w/ Unur of Damascus
attack on Damascus
arrived late July 1148
began to west + made progress through orchards
BUT for some uknown reason decided to move camp to a perceived weaker side - when no progress made after 4 days they gave up
Preaching
Fall of Edessa --> Hugh, Bishop of Jabala sent to Pope to ask for another cruse = granted
Papal bull = Quantum Praedecessores
read out throughout Europe
very successful in recruiting men b/c made to have widest appeal possible
Response of Louis VII, King of France
very pious
second son of Louis VI so groomed for career in the church
His brother Phillip died but expressed wish to visit holy land = reason for Louis to
Theobald of Champagne
Louis had issues w/ powerful barons b/c of his lack of political understanding
Theobald of Champagne caused conflicts particularly
arguments over a marriage furthered disputes + Louis invaded
War lasted for two years + Louis' forces occupied Champagne
Louis attacked town of Vitry and burned down church with refuge-seekers in side
Bernard of Clairvaux heavily criticised Louis for this
wanted to go on crusade for penance
Very committed to the cause
unclear whether he or Pope instigated crusade
Christmas court in Bourges, 1145
tried to convince nobles and clergy to take up arms but reception was luke warm
may have been because he was first ruling monarch to go on crusade
Dangerous
would be away for about 3 years
could die + he had no male heir
expensive + would need to leave land under other's protection
seen as inexperienced leader
Probably because Quantum Praedecessores hadn't arrived yet
Vézelay = Easter 1146
Bernard and Louis spoke to massive crowds from all over France
Pope couldn't attend
Very positive reception + lots of nobles signed up
Response of Conrad III of Germany
Pope didn't really want Conrad but Bernard preached in Germany so Conrad joined
Strong crusading ties from Empire
Leader of Peasant's crusade = Emicho of Leiningen
Duke Welf of Bavaria had led contingent of crusade of 1101
If Conrad went bad situation could deteriorate
Bernard needed to sort this situation = Rival Welf took cross which was a relief for Conrad