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The foundation of the new states (Relations of the crusader states (The…
The foundation of the new states
Establishing the state of Outremer
Rulers
King Baldwin I 1100-1118
Succession crisis
Why did he become King of Jerualem
Main candidates were Bohemond and Tancred
Bohemond was off fighting Danishmends in North + got captured until 1103
Tancred took Bohemond's place in Antioch
Baldwin of Edessa only candidate left
Crowned in Bethlehem
Daimbert
Pisan fleet left + Venetian arrived
W/o italian supports + w/ italian rivals instead couldn't establish his power
Expansion + conquest
Crusade in 1101
when news came of victory in Jerusalem, those who hadn't fulfilled their vows went to go on crusade (including Stephen of Blois)
Captured Tortosa + victory at Battle of Jaffa
Fatimids fled
Crusader defeats at Merzifon, Ereghli + Ramla
destroyed armies + idea of frankish invincibility
Battle of Harran 1104
Baldwin II of Edessa launched attack w/ help from Tancred + Bohemond
Showed expansion was still an option + territorial ambitions of crusaders
Franks were defeated by Seljuks of Mosul and Mardin = Harran remained in Muslim hands
Significance of battle
showed Muslim Unity
Baldwin taken captive until 1108
Antioch asserted power over area after by taking ports + town
Armenians looked to Byzantium for help = shows cracks between franks + Byzantines
Crusade of King Sigurd of Norway 1110
Convinced by Baldwin to help in attack at port of Sidon
Opposed by Fatimid fleet but bolstered by venetian fleet
Successful December 1110
Trade and Pilgrimage
securing the coast
First crusaders had no support during their expedition making travel more difficult
During seige of Antioch had taking ports of Alexandretta + St Symeon = crucial to sucess of seige
Benefits of having port
Kept Egypts from having refuge in ports
Godfrey had allowed Egyptians to keep Ascalon in 1099 + caused trouble (Fulk had to build casltes to negate threat) until 1153 when Baldwin II took it
Economic
vital for trade
Italian powers had been trading w/ east for ages (but were exempt from taxes = ruler had to charge for other things such as storage taxes)
Safe passage for pilgrimage and soldiers
Pilgrimages gave income to lodging houses + souvenir sellers = stimulating economy
Meant that help from west could sail + not have to fight through anatolia
Conrad and Louis didn't do this and they failed BUT Richard and Philip during third crusade did and they had some success
Needed support of Italian maritime states
At Jerusalem Genoese fleet had brought wood to make siege engines
Tyre 1111 + Sidon 1108 w/o venetians failed = if land attack was sole method port would not be taken
Construction of Castles
purpose
protected coast,+ opened supply lines for trade
consolidated their position
goods needed proteciont inland + safe place to be stored + prepared for shipment
centre for administration for local lords
Location
some old Byzantine and Muslim ones used
3 new ones neutralised threat from Ascalon
Castle Montreal built by Baldwin I ot control valleys across Dead Sea and Gulf of Aqaba
King Baldwin II (1118-31)
Why did he get it
Badlwin I died w/o heir when returning from Egyptian campaign
2 candidates: brother Eustace of Boulogne + Baldwin Count of Edessa
Eustace didn't really want it so went to Baldwin
Baldwin was put forward by Joscelin de Courtenay b/c he wanted to become Count of Edessa after had been relieved of investiture of Turbessel and given Galilee instead
Battle of the Field of Blood June 1119
what happened
Frankish Expansion around Antioch meant Muslim Aleppo was very close
Il-Ghazi of Mardin marched army against roger of Antioch at Sarmarda
Roger was killed in Battle w/ most of knights + foot soldiers b/c was cocky about previous win + charged
Victory for Il-Ghazi + he started slaughter right up to Antioch
Problems created
nobility wiped out
Baldwin acted as regent until 1126 + appointed men of his own to marry widows to stabilise the area
would have to travel there 6 times more to deal w/ issues in the area
sown the seeds of Jihad
Military campaigns
during reign lead 19 campaigns against Muslims
1123-1124: captured but no one tried to become king
1124: five month siege at Aleppo but unsuccessful
1125-26: fought and won at A'zaz, Zerdana, Damascus + Ascalon, Raphina in Egypt and Antioch
shows he was energetic leader w/ military prowess
Fulk and Melisende (1131-1153)
Why did they get it?
Fulk
had already been in Outremer by spending time in Jerusalem as confrater of the Templars c1120
well connected as henry I married his daughter to Fulk's son Geoffrey
experienced military commander
was married to Melisende + had baby Baldwin in 1130
Baldwin died w/o male heir so named eldest daughter Melisende
Balddwin II put grandson as heir so all 3 were joint rulers
Hugh of Jaffa
Was friends w/ Melisende from young age
court divided between supporters of Fulk and supporters of Hugh
Hugh's stepson accused him of treason and trail by combat was going to be way of settling it - hugh didn't show so he was banished for 3 years
I think Fulk did this w/o Melisende's agreement? (or killed him?)
Fulk became unpopular b/c put his Angevin nobles in positions of power above Eastern Frank nobility
after Hugh incident didn't do anything w/o Meilsende's agreement
Had to deal w/ incursions in Frankish land
Muslim warlords around Damascus and Antioch
Ambition of John of Byzantine Empire
Built castles to prevent threat from Ascalon
Godfrey of Boulogne
Why did he become king
Adhemar - who had been assumed to be the one to take over Jerusalem on behalf of the pope had died
This was bad for Raymond of Toulouse who wanted to rule Jerusalem, as Adhemar was his main supporter b/c he was so pious
Raymond then supported Peter Bartholomew's discovery of the Holy Lance
Arnulf of Choques challenged challenged Peter to prove it was real
Peter Bartholomew took trial by fire + died soon after
Discredited Lance + Raymond too
Godfrey had made breakthrough at Jerusalem = military judgement + asked to rule
All other leaders elsewhere e.g. Bohemond in Antioch + Baldwin in Edessa
Daimbert of Pisa
orignally supporter of HRE against Pope but had swapped alleigance in late 1080s
Made bishop of Piza in 1088
Appointed papal legate to crusade after Adhemar's death
Went to Jerusalem + got papal legate from against Arnulf
Made Godfrey Concede Jerusalem + Jaffa to him
Fact that he had a Pisan fleet, Baldwin + Bohemond behind him influenced Godfrey's submission
Died in 1100
The foundation of the military orders
Hospitallers
predated the First Crusade
Hospital to take care of injured and sick pilgrims existed in 1080s
Death of King Alfonso in 1134 --> got a bequest = more money
Also had oath of chastity obedience, + poverty
Not sure when it became a military order but active in siege of Damascus 1126
Templars
Baldwin II convinced Hugh of Payns to not just be a monk but be a warrior monk
Hugh and a small group of knights wanted to form a community dedicated to God but Baldwin couldn't lose able fighters so Templars was born
Swore oath of chastity, poverty and obedience
Membership was permanent
Council of Nablus
After field of Blood in 1119
series of legislation = clergy to bear arms
Bernard of Clairvaux got papal approval for Templars
Roles of military orders
Religious
Templars
wore white robe of Cistercians to signify they had put their dark life behind them
Wouldn't serve kings but Pope
Were to live like a monk apart from when pursuing military aims
Protect Pilgrims on the road
Hospitallers
found in coastal ports = could care for sick and injured pilgrims
combined spiritual role w/ role of protection
Economic
Relied on charity for lodging but for clothing which came in donations
Got a lot of donation and Land from wealthy in Europe
Role in protecting pilgrims encouraged travellers to holy land = fuelled economy by staying in hostels + buying food + souvenirs
Became bankers for richer pilgrims to deposit in West and withdraw in East
Henry II gave donations in penance for murder of Thomas Becket = used for buying army + provisions = stimulated economy in the east
Military
Hospitallers
given Bethgibelin to hold and protect kingdom from attacks by Ascalon and Egypt
Templars
King Conrad III of Germany housed by Templars during Second Crusade
Became Outremer's standing army
Home for anyone who wanted to fight for God and the Holy Land
Relations of the crusader states
The Muslim near east
Count Baldwin of Edessa captured at Harran, Tancred took over Edessa
Baldwin released = violence
Both called on Muslim neighbours for Military support
1114: Roger of Antioch formed coalition against Sultan of Baghdad
Victorious at Battle of Sarmin and Antioch = 4 years of relative peace
Muslims didn't want Baghdad's influence interferin w/ their lands
Relations were pragmatic despite religious differences
The Byzantine Empire
First crusaders frightened Alexios by sheer numbers
Alexios started providing crusaders w/ military help but this stopped at Antioch
Soured relations w/ Crusaders
Bohemond
refused to hand Antioch over to Alexios
Lots of argument between the two afterwards
After being captured - went to Europe to seek support for Crusade against Byzantium
unclear amount of support he got
Attacked Durazzo + failed
triumph for Byzantium
Bohemond agreed to peace treaty of Devol (Tancred didn't + relations didn't improve)
Bohemond sent letter to Pope after Adhemar's death + mentioned that Byzantium had stopped helping + was trying to harm progress of crusaders
gross exagerration
Alexios dies in 1118 + son John took over
got large army + retook lands in Cilicia and Armenia
1137: went to Antioch with siege engines
Raymond of Antioch submitted + swore allegiance to John
Raymond to hold Antioch for emperor until equivalent land for him could be found (wanted Aleppo)
Raymond of Tripoli and Joscelin of Edessa also vassals of emperor
All crusader states except Jerusalem acknowledged John = height of power in Byzantium over Franks
Byzantium, Edessa and Antioch launched attack on Muslim lands in Syria
Had some success
couldn't capture Aleppo for Raymond of Antioch
Rumours that Raymond and Joscelin didn't help John much
1142: tries to push Raymond from Antioch
Breaks promise of good behaviour from Joscelin by taking hostages
Turned up outside the walls of Antioch demanding to be let in w/ his troops
Raymond stalled (said nobles had voted against it) + John withdrew to Cicilia b/c campaigning season was over
John was going to attack the next year but died
The Latin West
Good relations
response for victory in the East was elation + there was a crusade in 1101 and 1110
East very attractive at that moment
Bohemond's return to Europe
returned a hero + married King of France's daughter
Support from West
When Baldwin II needed husband for daughter, Melisende, married her to Fulk of Anjou
The indigenous peoples
Muslims fled after Jerusalem was taken but returned to repopulate city
those lived under Christian rule had to pay tax (less burdensome than jizya from Muslims) - muslims treated well
Frankish nobility kept good control of coasts + trade routes to protect Muslim traders
Knew that they needed settle population + Muslims could easily beat them e.g. Il-Ghazi at Field of Blood