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The Origins of the conflict (Islam c1071 (The rise of the seljuk Turks…
The Origins of the conflict
Christianity in Western Europe c1071
The Role of the Church in the late 11th century
Very powerful
Bishops and popes anointed Kings
People very concerned about what would happen to them in the afterlife
Holy Roman Emperor
Would challenge the position of the Pope
Needed support of Pope to use title "Holy Roman Emperor"
Relationship between Pope and Nobility
Simony = right to appoint to lucrative posts sold to nobility
gave nobility income and careers in church for second sons
Got income by fee paid to nobility
Power of the Pope
able to make decisions on matters of religion about what was acceptable in Catholic Church
Pope had Petrine authority
Jesus appointed Peter, then peter appointed first pope and so on
The rising influence of the papacy
not clear whether Pope had "earthly"power
could he intervene to tell king's how to run their kingdoms?
This problematic in HRE
question whether HRE was subject to the demands of the pope
people in HRE wanted to be independent from Emperor = 6 yr old boy Henry IV
Had to fight to maintain control especially against the papacy
Investiture Controversy
developed over whether the nobility had the right to appoint individuals to church positions
Church reformers took back power of investiture to church positions
Declarations made e.g. College of Cardinals to elect future popes
Henry continued to appoint own bishops
1073: Pope Excommunicated Henry
Barons in HRE supported pope b/c wanted to seize royal holdings + build forts so needed weak Emperor
Pope also got reinforcements from Normans of Sicily
Combination of Pope, Barons and Normans --> Henry was absolved
Success in this lead to Popes being able to assert their powers above Kings
Fall of Papacy
1084: Pope Gregory under pressure for Normans' methods of fighting HRE Henry
Clement III tried to become anti-pope
Gregory had to escape
Died in 1085
After Gregory's death = Pope Victor III
4 days in Rome until serious rioting broke out
10 months later = consecrated, then lasted another month
Fled to Monte Cassino then died
Pope Urban II
After Victor = Pope Urban II
Gregorian reformer
adviser to Pope Gregory VI during in early 1080s
Would continue papal reforms by placing Pope's position above that of secular rulers
used Normans to assert his position as pope
took 6 years to get back to Rome
Previous legate in Germany
After installed opened diplomatic relations w/ Byzantine Emperor
Islam c1071
Muslim Expansions
Prophet Muhammad died + Islam split in two
Sunni Muslims thought that caliphs should be democratically elected like the first 4
recognised Abu Bakr as caliph
Shi'a muslims thought that caliphs should be democratically elected but only descendants of the Prophet could be Imams
recognised Ali (Muhammad's cousin) as caliph
The rise of the seljuk Turks
Sunni converts that had been dominant since mid 11th century
power base in Iran and Iraq
expanded into central + southern Syria
Malik Shah
he died + brother Tutush took over
Tutush died in 1095
sons of Tutush, Ridwan of Aleppo and Duqaq of Damascus argued between themselves over power
Allowed Kerbogha of Mosul to become pre-eminent power in Northern Syria + more Muslim disunity
Death meant vying emirs
Anatolia
Danishmends controlled north and eastern
South and west = Sultanate of Rum under Kilij Arslan
rivals = consequences for progression of crusaders crossing
Seljuk struggles
power rested on martial ability
at odds w/ most of their subjects because they were of different religions
Fatimid Caliphate to south relied on mercenary army/slaves (mamluks)
Vizier of Egypt (al-Afdal) took Jerusalem in 1098
Islamic society and economy
Since birth, Islam had spread from East to North Africa and even into the Iberian Peninsula
Islamic cities
more "civilised" than ones in Europe
Very big ones = 100,000s whilst London and Paris only had 20,000
Islamic towns
could act as trading centre, religious centre, transport hub etc.
Bigger towns had variety of these functions
Mix of people: Muslims, Jews, Christians, Arabs etc.
Non-muslims had to pay tax "Jizya to show submission to Muslim ruler + allowed them to practice their own faith
Wealth
based on agrarian economy w/ production of food
land was key
goods produced = spices + cloth
Traded w/ Europe for things such as fur + timber
also traded slaves
Cobbs
compared to Europe "model of civilisation: it was wealthy, ordered, enlightened, imperial, and protected by a merciful God"
Islamic politics
Head of politics = caliph
by the age of the crusades, no more than a figurehead (but powerful)
dynasties
Umayyad lasted from 7th to 8th century in Syria
overthrown by Abbasids
centre of power = Baghdad
Tyreman said not bothered by crusaders b/c saw them as Byzantine mercenaries
Umayyad dynasty almost died but new caliph emerge in Spain
Shi'a caliphate emerged after conquest of northern Africa
pushed on to Egypt, base = cairo
would fight for Syria + Palestine
When crusades came two rival power bases existed that wouldn't cooperate
The Byzantine Empire c1071
The internal problems of the Byzantine Empire
Under threefold threat
Normans taking advantage of rivalries in southern Italy + challenging control for the area
took Sicily and parts of southern Italy = power base used to harass empire
Robert Guiscard (father of Bohemond) took Southern Italy May 1081
Pecheneg tribe raiding inland from Black Sea (around Balkans)
Used bribery to fend them off
Seljuk Turks from East, through Anatiolia
by 1090 almost all of Asia Minor in Turkish hands
took advantage of weakness after battle of Manzikert
By 1050, army in decline
Emperor Constantine IX dismantled static defences
Meant that there was less standing defence in interior + fewer reserves in time of crisis
Had to rely on mercenaries
Also sold of land in Themata (peasants held land in return for military service)
Gave gifts to Venetian allies
gave them trading privileges (didn't have to pay Kommerkion)
Negatively affected economy b/c Greek merchants lost trade b/c had higher prices b/c had to pay Kommerkion
Meant he didn't have enough Kommerkion to pay mercenaries
The impact of defeat at the Battle of Manzikert 1071
Romanos IV Diogenes wanted to take action against Turks to rode ahead of army to battle w/ them near fort of Manzikert
Underestimated size of Turk army = humiliating defeat
Mass migration of Byzantines to Constantinople out of fear
This and conscription into army to fight battles against Turks/Pechenegs --> lack of manpower in fields --> reduction of tax revenue
Debased coinage to curb inflation failed
Constantinople in economic crisis and civil war
civil war = Civil servant Michael Psellos + allies proclaimed new emperor while Romanos was in captivity (Michael VII Doukas)
Romanos returned from captivity - civil war + Doukas won
Alexios Komnenos
Took military action that was successful against the Normans
1091 against Pechenegs at Battle of Lebounion Hill = victory
Pechenegs completely wiped out = no longer would pose threat
negotiated w/ Turkish chieftan, Sulayman to protect emperor's Anatolian holdings
Sulayman gained riches + prestige
Sulayman able to put down any Turkish raids on Byzantine land
When Sulayman died successor attacked Byzantine land north of Nicaea
Turkish threat returned
Solved financial crisis in 1095 by melting all imperial treasure
Pope Urban II
the political and religious motives of the Papacy
If responded to call for help from Byzantium, would increase influence over Eastern Church
could also have wanted to expand latin influence to churches in Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine
Wanted Jerusalem under his control b/c centre of Christian World + one of the Pentarchy cities
Currently in Turks hands
had been Muslim Territory for 400 years
the reasons for the calling of the First Crusade
End knightly violence
Believed that every soul should be saved and felt responsible for this
Knights very violent = had to redirect this violence to save the knightly class
Feudal anarchy b/c of population increase in knights and barons + all of them needed land --> violence
Mistreatment of Christians in Muslim territory
especially pilgrims
1064 Great German Pilgrimage: 5000 died at hands of Seljuk Turks
responding to the call for help from the Byzantine Empire
The great schism
Normans took Southern Italy + replaced greek churches w/ latin ones
Latin churches closed in Constantinople in response
papal legate sent by pope w/ letter to sort it out
once arrived, kept waiting 4 two weeks to see patriarc = didn't like it
When Humbert met w/ patriarch, had argument over who was head of souls in Christendom (legate thought pope, Patriarch thought byzantine Emperor)
Humbert walked out + published letter angering patriarch
patriarch ignored legate and refused to see his authority
Both excommunicated each other
Relations between Pope Urban and Alexios had improved
Threats to Byzantium were not new
Alexios wrote to Pope to ask for help against Turks which arrived at Council of Piacenza
Could be seen as purely altruistic to call crusade
Version of speech at council of Clermont cited the main reason to the first crusade as having to help "Brethren in the East"