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Cell Communication (Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay…
Cell Communication
Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell
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Protein phosphorylation, a common mode of regulation in cells, is a major mechanism of signal transduction
The phosphorylation of proteins by a specific enzyme (a protein kinase) is a widespread cellular mechanism for regulating protein activity
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Many signaling pathways involve small, water-soluble, nonprotein molecules or ions called second messengers
Binding by epinephrine leads to increases in the cytosolic concentration of cyclic AMP, or cAMP
This increase occurs because the activated receptor activates adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP in response to epinephrine
The pathways leading to calcium release involve still other second messengers, diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3)
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Reception: A signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape
The signal molecule behaves as a ligand, a small molecule that binds with specificity to a larger molecule
A G-protein-linked receptor consists of a receptor protein associated with a G protein on the cytoplasmic side
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The tyrosine-kinase receptor system is especially effective when the cell needs to trigger several signal transduction pathways and cellular responses at once
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A ligand-gated ion channel is a type of membrane receptor that can act as a gate when the receptor changes shape
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