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STRUCTURE AND BONDING (Diamond and silicon dioxide (Small covalent bond…
STRUCTURE AND BONDING
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3 states of matter
Solid = packed together in a regular pattern and have a fixed shape
Liquid = close with not many spaces but can flow
Gas = spread out and move randomly
Solid to liquid is MELTING, liquid to gas is BOILING, gas to liquid is CONDENSATION, liquid to solid is FREEZING
Ionic bonding 2
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The group 2 metal loses 2 electrons to the non-metal and forms a 2+ ion. The group 6 non-metal gains these 2 electrons and forms a 2- ion. Both elements now have a full outer shell of electrons.
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Graphite
Each carbon forms 3 covalent bonds in hexagonal rings. These are in layers and slide over each other
Slippery, high melting and boiling points, great conductor of heat and electricity
Graphene and fullerenes
Single layer of graphite that contains delocalised electrons so it is a good conductor and is very strong
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Metals and alloys
The metal ions of the element are surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons and these create electrostatic attractions
High melting points, good conductors
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Covalent bonding 2
They can be represented using an energy level diagram, dot and cross diagram or a stick diagram
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Alloys - a mixture of metals and the different sizes make it harder for them to slide so they are harder
