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developing fuels (addition reactions of alkenes (alkenes join up to form…
developing fuels
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Hess's law
standard enthalpy change of reaction= the enthalpy change when the reaction occurs in the molar quantities shown in the chemical equation under standard conditions
standard enthalpy change of formation= the enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states under standard conditions
standard enthalpy change of combustion= the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is completely burned in oxygen under standard conditions
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standard enthalpy change of neutralization= the enthalpy change when an acid and an alkali react together under standard conditions to form one mole of water
catalysts
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used in cracking
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by passing hydrocarbon vapour over a heated SOLID catalyst cracking can take place at much lower temps and pressures- cheaper
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organic groups
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naming organic compounds
1) count the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain e.g. 1=meth, 2=eth, 3=prop, 4=but, 5=pent etc
2) the main functional group of the molecule usually gives the end/ suffix e.g. ene, ane, yl, ol, chloro
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6) if theres many identical side chains use di, tri, tetra before the part of the name
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gas volumes
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using a gas syringe allows you to measure gas volume, measures TOTAL volume (not separate volumes for each gas produced)
more on enthalpy changes
enthalpy level diagrams
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activation energy= the minimum amount of energy needed to begin breaking reactant bonds and start a chemical reaction
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calorimetry
= you can find out how much heat is given out by a reaction by measuring the temperature change of water
combsution
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3) ideally all the heat given out would be absorbed by the water but some heat is usually lost to the surroundings
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isomerism
ways of representing organic compounds: general formula, molecular formula, shortened structural formula, structural formula and skeletal formula
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isomerism = the existence of molecules that have the same numbers of the same kinds of atoms (and hence the same formula) but differ in chemical and physical properties.
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