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LangmoNissa_BLK4_APBio_cellreproduction (Parts of the Cell involved in…
LangmoNissa_BLK4_APBio_cellreproduction
Sexual
:
sexual reproduction from two organisms
Direct Contact
Meiosis
(eukaryotes gametes only)
Meiosis II
Prophase II
nuclear envelope breaks down
centrosomes move apart and spindle fibers form
Metaphase II
the sister chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate
Anaphase II
the sister chromatids separate and are pulled toward the opposite ends of the cell
Telophase II
nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes
chromosomes decadence
four haploid cells are produced
Meiosis I
Metapahse I
homologous chromosomes arrange at the metaphase plate
Anaphase I
the homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell
sister chromatids remain attached
Telophase I
chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
two diploid cells are formed
the nuclear membrane re-forms into two nuclei
Prophase I
the chromosomes begin to condense
homologous chromosomes loosly pair and align gene by gene
crossing over occurs
Interphase
G1: cell grows (5-6 hours)
S: Chromosomes are copied (10-12 hours)
G2: grows and complexity prepares for cell division
Conjugation
(prokaryotes only):
when genes are based through direct contact
Non-viral Mediated
(no viruses involved)
transformation (primarily prokaryotes)
Transfection
(eukaryotes only): purposely introducing nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells
Viral Mediated
(through viruses)
Transduction
: DNA enters a cell through a virus
Asexual
: organisms making identical copies of oneself
Equal Division
Mitosis
(eukaryotes somatic cells only)
I
nterphase
:
90% of the cell cycle
G2: grows and complexity prepares for cell division
S: Chromosomes are copied (10-12 hours)
G1: cell grows (5-6 hours)
Prophase
Chromatin fibers become tightly coiled
the duplicated chromosomes appear as two identical sister
Mitotic spindle begins to form
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Centrosomes are at the opposite ends of the cell
Stage last twenty minutes
Anaphase
daughter chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
Shortest stage of mitosis
Chromosomes split into daughter chromatids
Telophase
chromosomes become less condensed
two daughter nuclei begin to form (this makes mitosis complete because one nucleus has been divided into two)
Binary Fission
occurs for Bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts
DNA replication and segregation occur simultaneously
Unequal Divisions
Budding
( mostly prokaryotes + fungi)
a new organisms developed from an outgrowth(bud)
the new organism remain attached to the original as it grows and separates when it matures
results in daughter cells having different quantities of cytoplasm
Parts of the Cell involved in cell reproduction
Chromosomes
: a condensed form of genetic information for a cell
Centromere
: a area of the chromosomes where the mitosis spindle attaches
Sister Chromatids
: identical copies of chromosomes
Mitotic Spindle
: a microtublar structure that segregates the chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis
haploid cells
: cells that have half the amount of usual chromosomes
diploid cells
: cells that contain two sets of chromosomes
homologous chromosomes
: chromosomes pairs that have the same position of genes but have different alleles