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TAN_ANSON_BLOCK4_MM8 (Sexual Reproduction (direct contact…
TAN_ANSON_BLOCK4_MM8
Sexual Reproduction
Combines the genetic information of two or more sources
direct contact
Meiosis and fertilization (eukaryotic gametes)
Conjugation(prokaryotes)
transfer genetic information through a conjugation plus
viral mediated
transduction(prokaryotes, eukaryotes)
Lytic Cycle
Produces new viral particles and phages until the bacterium cell ruptures and phages disperse
Lysogenic Cycle
recombination event to turn bacterial chromosome to become a prophage
non viral mediated
transformation(prokaryotes)
mutant strains of bacteria mix, mixing missing amino acids together to form a new transformed strain
transfection(eukaryotes)
process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells
Asexual Reproduction
Produces two daughter cells that are clones of each other
Binary Fission(Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes,Chloroplasts)
vesicles fuse together to form a dividing membrane then a cell wall a formed between them and the cells break apart
Mitosis(Eukaryotes)
Prophase
Chromosomes appear condensed and the nuclear envelope breaks down
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate and the spindle fibers pull the chromatids to opposite poles
Telophase
The nuclear envelope reforms and new organelles form for the new cell
Metaphase
chromsomes line up along the metaphase plate and the spindle fibers attach
Interphase
G0
Rest Stage, Most Somatic Cells are in this stage most of the time
G1
Checkpoint: Cell Size, Nutrients, Growth Factors, and DNA Damage
P53 checks for DNA Damage(negative regulator enzyme)
Synthesis
DNA is duplicated
G2
Checkpoint: DNA is properly duplicated and cell size
P53 checks for DNA Damage(negative regulator enzyme)
Mitosis Promoting Factor(MPF) pushes the cells into prophase with high levels
enzyme release when tissue repair is needed triggering mitosis
Cyclin Dependent Kinase(CDK) binds with cyclin
Cyclin levels are degraded and regulated by APC
more is produced when tissue is damaged or gets old
M Spindle Checkpoint
makes sure that the spindle fibers are properly attached
APC(allosteric regulator for chromatid separation)- destroys cohesion and cyclin to separate chromatids
the destruction of chromatid is negative feedback to slow future mitosis because its no longer needed as much
Cytokinesis
"Pinching" that separates the daughter cells
Unequal Division
Budding(Prokaryotes and Fungi)
A single daughter cell forms as a outgrowth of a parent cell
Equal Division
The Cell Cycle
Chromosome Duplication
Chromosome Separation
Cell Division
Similarities
DNA replication occurs in interphase
uses spindle fibers
involved in the propagation of life