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Wong_Kerry_block4_MM8 (Cell Reproduction (Sexual Reproduction (Direct…

- - - - Single chromotid duplicate to produce daughter chromotids
      - The chromotids comes together binded by a centromere
    - - Chromosomes split binding to the other separated chromotids
      - Formation of two nuclear envelopes
    - - Cell membranes get pinch resulting in the formation of two cells
  - - - Mitosis
        
        Eukaryotes
        
        Prophase
        
        centrioles starts to move to opposite sides of the cell
        
        Spindle fibers appear
        
        Metaphase
        
        Sister chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
        
        Spindle fibers attaches to the chromosomes
        
        Anaphase
        
        Spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart, pulling towards opposite sides of the cell
        
        Telophase
        
        Nuclear envelopes appears and surrounds the two separate groups of chromosomes
        
        Cytokinesis
        
        Cell membrane pinches together and forms two cells
        
        Each cell has their own set of chromosomes
        
        Animals
        
        The cell pinches spliting the cell into two
        
        Plants
        
        Vesicle forms in between the cell with cell membranes
        
        The Cell splits into two cells where the vesicles are
        
        Interphase
        
        Gap 1(G1)
        
        Duplicated Cells
        
        Rest(G0)
        
        The Cell doesn't move on to the S phase
        
        Synthesis(S)
        
        DNA is duplicated
        
        Two centrioles form
        
        Gap 2(G2)
        
        Nucleus form
      - Binary Fission
        
        Parent cell slits into two equal daughter cells
        
        Prokaryotes
        
        Chloroplast
        
        Mitochondria
    - - Budding
        
        Prokaryotes
        
        Fungi
        
        Singe daughter cell forms since it out growth the parent cells
  - - - Meiosis and fertilization
        
        Meiosis I
        
        Prophase I
        
        Chromosomes crosses over
        
        Centrioles start to move to opposite sides of the cell
        
        Nuclear enveloped disintegrate
        
        Metaphase I
        
        Spindle fibers from centrioles attaches to the chromosomes
        
        Anaphase I
        
        The spindle fiber pulls the chromosomes to opposite side of the cells
        
        Telophase I
        
        Nuclear membrane forms around the two set of chromosomes
        
        Cytokinesis
        
        Cell membrane gets pinched forming two new cells
        
        Meiosis II
        
        Prophase II
        
        Centrioles start to move to opposite sides of the cell
        
        Nuclear enveloped disintegrate
        
        Metaphase II
        
        Spindle fibers from centrioles attaches to the chromosomes
        
        Anaphase II
        
        Spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart, pulling towards opposite sides of the cell
        
        Telophase II
        
        Nuclear envelopes appears and surrounds the two separate groups of chromosomes
        
        The Cell membrane pinches in the middle forming tow new cells
      - Conjunction
        
        F+ cells: Cells containing F(fertility) plasmid
        
        F- cells: Cells missing the F plasmid
        
        HFR cells: F plasmid is integrated into the cell chromosomes
        
        F' cells: The F plasmid is the one derived from the HFR cell
        
        F+ cells put the F factor gene in a F- cells through a conjugation pilus causing both cells to be F+
    - - Transduction
        
        Phage inject DNA into the host
        
        Lytic cycle
        
        New phage DNA are synthesized and new phages assemble
        
        Bacteria dies releasing all the virus inhabiting the cell
        
        The released virus infect other cells
        
        Lysogenic cycle
        
        Phage DNA is integrated into the cell's chromosomes
        
        Cell then divides with the virus's DNA in its chromosomes
    - - Transformation
        
        Two types of bacteria are put together
        
        One cell dies then another cell recieves that dead cell's genes
        
        the bacteria does conjunction
        
        The result is the leftover bacteria to have the other bacteria's gene
      - Transduction
  - - - Metaphase-Anaphase transition
      - Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
    - - Check for correct cell size
      - Check for necessary nutrients for cell duplication
      - Check the growth factors
      - Check if DNA is damaged or Mutated
        
        If it is then cells won't move on to S phase
    - - G2 mitosis check point
      - Check to see if the DNA is completely replicated
      - Check if DNA is damaged or mutated
      - Check the cell size
    - - APC(between metaphase and anaphase)
        
        Regulates MPF
        
        Degrades Cyclin
        
        regulate chromotid separation
        
        Separase: Allosteric Enzyme
        
        APC regulates Separase
        
        When Separase is activates cohesin in chromotids get destroyed
      - MPF(between G2 and Prophase)
        
        Destroys rising cyclin
        
        If no regulation it causes Apoptosis=cell suicide
      - P53(G1 and G2)
        
        Check for DNA damage
        
        If damaged or mutated then apoptosis occurs