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Yu_Jialin_Blk4_MM8 (Sexual (non-viral mediated (transformation…

- - - - viral mediated introduction of foreign genetic material into a cell
      - primary mechanism of lateral gene transfer between different species
      - prokaryotes
        
        lytic cycle
        
        virus will incorporate some of the host DNA into released viral particles that is subsequently introduced to other host cells
        
        host cell is lysed to release new viral particles to infect healthy cells
        
        lysogenic cycle
        
        the viral DNA integration with the host cell DNA to produce a recombinant prophage DNA
        
        whenever DNA is replicated, viral DNA is also replicated
  - - - can be induced artificailly by altering the bacteria local environment in a manner that causes membrane pores to enter the cell
      - naturally occuring non-viral mediated mechanisms of introduction foreign genetic material
    - - artificially induced transformation
  - - - Meiosis I: reduces chromosome count which means at the end, each daughter cell will have 1 copy of each chromosome rather than a homologous pair of each
      - meiosis: production of 4 haploid gamete cells from 2 diploid parent cells
      - meiosis II: same as mitosis except cells are haploid
      - fertilization: 2 different gamete cells fuse to form a diploid zygote
    - - F+ cell forms cytoplasmic bridge to a F- cell and donates genetic material form its cytoplasm.
- - - - Anaphase: when centromere splits and sister chromatids are pulled by spindle fibers to opposite poles
      - Telophase: vesicles derived move to the center and fuse to form a cell plate that dissects the cell.
      - Metaphase: spindle fibers attach to the centromere of chromosomes and is aligned.
      - Prophase: movement of centrosomes to opposite poles of the cell, formation of spindle fibers from the polarized centrosomes, dissolution of nucleolus and nuclear envelope, and condensation of chromosomes so that they are visible
      - interphase
        
        resting stage
        
        G1: growth stage, protein and RNA synthesis resumes, the cell grows to its mature and functional size
        
        G2: increases protein and RNA synthesis, organelle production to prepare the cell to divide its cytoplasm and organelles between 2 daughter cells
        
        M-spindle: metaphase-anaphase transition, chromosomes attachment to spindle fibers
      - cytokinesis: cell division
    - - the parent divides into two equal daughter cells
  - - - a single daughter cell forms as an outgrowth (or bud) of the parent cell
- - - - MPF
      - P53
        
        causes apoptosis (automated cell death)
      - APC