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McCarthy_JJ_BLOCK4_MM8 (Sexual (Non-viral Mediated (Transformation…

- - - - Prokaryotes
      - a single daughter cell forms as an outgrowth (or bud) of the parent cell
  - - - Anaphase
        
        Centromeres divide
        
        Spindle fibers pull chromatids
        
        Opposite ends
      - Telophase
        
        Chromatids unravel
        
        Return to chromatin
        
        Cytokinesis starts
        
        cytoplasm splits
        
        Nuclear envelope reforms
      - Metaphase
        
        Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers
        
        Attach through centromeres
        
        Chromosomes line up in the center of cell
      - Interphase
        
        Gap 1 (G1)
        
        Synthesis (S)
        Duplicated DNA
        
        Gap 2 (G2)
        Continue growth
        
        Rest (G0)
      - Prophase
        
        spindle fibers start to form
        
        Chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes
        
        Nuclear envelope breaks down
        
        Chromosomes reorganize
        
        become double stranded structures
    - - Eukaryotes
      - the parent divides into two equal daughter cells
        
        Membrane pinching
- - - - Eukaryotes
      - Prokaryotes
      - Lytic cycle
        
        Virus attached duplicated in cell and then burst open
      - Lysogenic Cycle
        
        DNA from the lytic cycle enters and then combines with other DNA
  - - - Prokaryotes
      - Mixture of both bacterial strains
    - - Eukaryotes
      - the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells
  - - - Meiosis I
        
        Prophase I
        
        Crossing over
        
        DNA in non sister chromatids break at corresponding places and then rejoin to the other's DNA
        
        Synapsis
        
        protein structure called synaptonemal complex forms between homologues
        
        Tetrad is formed
        
        A group of four or more chromatids
        
        Movement of centrosomes, formation of spindle microtubules , breakdown of the nuclear envelope, and dispersal of nucleoli
        
        Metaphase I
        
        Tetrads line up on the metaphase plate
        
        Kinetochore is attached to homologue chromatids
        
        Anaphase I
        
        Homologues chromosomes move toward opposite poles
        
        Telophase I
        
        Each side of the cell has complete set of haploid cells
        
        Cytokinesis begins to split to the cytoplasm
        
        Two haploid daughter cells form
        
        No need for chromosome replication between Meiosis I and Meiosis II
      - Meiosis II
        
        Prophase II
        
        Spindle apparatus form
        
        Chromosomes move toward metaphase plate
        
        Metaphase II
        
        Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
        
        Chromatids are no longer identical
        
        Kinetochore of sister chromatids are attached to microtubules are extending from opposite poles
        
        Anaphase II
        
        The centromeres finally separate and the chromatids detach
        
        The chromatids move to opposite poles of cell
        
        Telophase II
        
        Nuclei form, chromosomes begin decondensing
        
        Cytokinesis begins
        
        At the end of Meiosis II there are four daughter cells with haploid sets
        
        Each cells is genetically unique
    - - Prokaryotes
      - Donor Cell transfers x factor gene
        
        using conjugation plus