Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Mar_Ryan_block 2_mm8 cell reproduction (sexual reproduction (meiosis and…
Mar_Ryan_block 2_mm8
cell reproduction
asexual reproduction
budding
a daughter cell grows out of a bud
from the parent cell
since the daughter cell is small, it needs to
grow in size to be equal to other cells
prokaryotic
mitosis
eukaryotic
parent cell also divides into two
equal daughter cells
our eukaryotic haploid cells divide via mitosis
follows the cell cycle of interphase, mitosis,
and cytokinesis
binary fission
parent divides into two
equal daughter cells
similar to mitosis, but chromosome is
duplicated differently
the circular chromosome will
replicate at an origin, then
will continue until there
are two copies
prokaryotic
sexual reproduction
conjugation
in conjugation, a donor cell will give a gene to another cell, via a bridge (conjugation pilus) it forms with the recipient cell
transformation
a cell may release its DNA into its surroundings, where it can be picked up and absorbed by other cells
the DNA will then be mixed via recombination
transduction
lysogenic
when the cell gets infected, the viral DNA may combine with the cell DNA
when the cell splits, the daughter cells will have the viral DNA as well, spreading the virus
the viral DNA may become active, separate from the cell DNA, and go into the lytic cycle
lytic
a virus may inject DNA into a cell
this causes the cell to either begin producing more viruses, or go into the lysogenic cycle
when there have been too many viruses produced, the cell will burst, and release the virus to infect other cells
meiosis and fertilization
meiosis is the process of producing gamete cells, such as sperm and eggs
in meiosis I, the chromosomes undergo crossover, where DNA is mixed
meiosis I separates chromosome pairs, not chromatids
meiosis is similar to mitosis, except with a few differences
Goal of meiosis is chromosome reduction (from 46 to 23, a set of 23 from each parent will complete a full set of 46)
meiosis II is essentially the same as mitosis, but produces gamete cells with varying DNA combinations
cell cycle
mitosis
metaphase
chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell
spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes
anaphase
spindle fibers pull apart chromosomes
APC (anaphase promoting complex) breaks down cyclin so that the cell can pass into anaphase
Separase, which is normally inactive, is activated by APC, which goes and degrades the cohesin, which separates the chromatids
prophase
centromeres form spindle fibers, and begin moving to
the poles of the cell
nuclear envelope breaks down
DNA clumps into chromosomes
telophase
nuclear envelopes begin to form around the chromatids
cleavage in cell begins to form
cytokinesis
the event where the cell splits into
two daughter cells
interphase
synthesis (S)
in this stage, the cell will continue to grow,
while making copies of its chromosomes
gap 2 (G2)
the cell keeps growing, and begins its
preparations for cell division
G2 also has a checkpoint, where MPF (mitotic promoting factor), pushes the cell into mitosis, if it is ready
MPF is composed of CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) and cyclin
gap 1 (G1)
the cell grows, creating proteins and organelles
before going to S, the cell must pass a checkpoint (G1 checkpoint) where proteins check for proper cell size, nutrients,
DNA mutation or damage, and growth factors
rest (G0)
the stage where most cells are at, when the cell simply lives