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Cell Reproduction (Sexual Reproduction: combines the genetic information…
Cell Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction:
combines the genetic information from 2 or more sources/components
Direct contact
: of sexual cells
Conjugation
: Male F+ cell that contains the F factor gene forms a cytoplasmic bridge called the conjugation pilus to a female F-. The F+ cel donates DNA from its cytoplasm to the F-. The F factor on an F plasmid, would integrate in the bacterial chromosome.
Meiosis + Fertilization
: Occurs only in Eukaryotic cells. 2 rounds of cell division that produce 4 haploid cells.
Meiosis I
: Reduces the chromosome count from a diploid to a haploid cell. Each daughter cell will have one copy of each chromosome, rather than a homozygous pair of each. Crossing over of chromosomes occurs in the Prophase I.
Meiosis II
: The same process as mitosis but the cells are haploid rather than diploid
Fertilization
: This is where 2 different gamete cells fuse to form a diploid zygote. In animals, the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell from different parents. In plants, the ovum is fertilized by pollen. There are also self-pollinating plants that form zygotes from a single parent.
Viral Mediated
:
viral vector that delivers genetic information; transduction which only occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Transduction
: In bacteria transduction,a bacteriophage puts its DNA into the bacteria cell. When it becomes infected , the virus life cycle enters the
lysogenic
of
lytic
phases that both produce recombinant DNA. In eukaryotes, transduction is a viral introduction of foreign genetic material into a cell. It is usually a mechanism of lateral gene transfer between in different species.
Non- Viral Mediated
:
Transformation
: Involves the uptake of genetic material from the local environments by diffusion o DNA through membrane pores. Transformation can be artificial induced. also called
transfection
Asexual Reproduction
: cloning parent cells to produce two identical daughter cells
Equal Divison
Mitosis
Interphase
G1
- cellular contents are duplicated
S
- chromosomes duplicated by the cell
G2
- double checks duplication and make repairs
Cytotextkinesis
: vesicles come to center to form membranes , then separate into two cells by formation of cell wall
.
Phases
Anaphase
: centromere splits by spindle fibers
Telophase
: in animal cells, they pinch off at mid cell
Prophase
: centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell,formation of spindle fibers
Metaphase
: Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of chromosomes, align mid-cell
metaphase chromosome
centrioles
spindle fibers
kinetochore
Checkpoints
G1/S, p53
: primary regulators , negatively regulates cell progress. Includes
cyclin
and
CDK's
G2/M, MPF
: positively regulates cell progress
Binary Fission
: parent cells grows before splitting into 2 daughter cells of relatively equal sizes
Unequal division
Budding
(prokaryotic): single daughter grows out from the parent cell. Separates when matured