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3.3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry (Nomenclature (Empirical formula:…
3.3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Nomenclature
Empirical formula: formula showing the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a molecular compound
Molecular formula: formula showing the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound
General formula: type of empirical formula in which actual numbers are represented by x, n etc.
Structural formula: shows unique arrangement of atoms in a molecule in simplified form without showing all the bonds
Displayed formula: shows every atom and every bond in the molecule
Skeletal formula: carbon atoms are not drawn; straight lines represent carbon-carbon bonds, and carbon atoms are where the lines meet; each carbon has enough hydrogens to make the total number of bonds equal to four
Homologous series: a series of compounds containing the same functional group; have a general formula; length of carbon chain doesn't affect chemical properties, but affects physical properties
Isomerism
Structural isomerism
positional isomerism: isomers have same functional group attached to main chain at different points
functional group isomerism: isomers have different functional groups
chain isomerism: isomers have different arrangement of hydrocarbon chain e.g. branching
same molecular formula but different structural formula
Stereoisomerism
E/Z isomerism
result of restricted rotation about the planar carbon–carbon double bond.
if both groups with highest priority on same side of bond then isomer is Z (cis)
if both groups with highest priority on opposite sides of bond then isomer is E (trans)
CIP priority rules; higher priority given to substituents with higher atomic mass
optical isomerism
same structural formula but different arrangement of bonds in space
molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in space
Sammer Sheikh