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The Endocrine System (control of hormone secretion (tropic hormones:…

- - - - stimulates the cells to release large amounts of that hormone
  - - - upregulation to increase their number or sensitivity of the receptors for that hormone
  - - - negative feedback: lowers the hormone
- - - - hormone travels by many cells in the bloodstream not just target cells
        
        particular target cells have receptors for a certain hormone either on the cell membrane or inside the cells
        
        hormone binds to the receptor and is removed from the blood stream to elicit the effect on other target cells
        
        the cells respond to the chemical signal
  - - - internal membranes are also phosphlipids so they provide barriers to the transport of the steroid hormone into an area of the cell
        
        forms a protein complex called hormone- receptor complex.
        
        move to chromatin of the DNA start protein synthesis.
  - - - the hormone is called the first messenger
        
        triggers activation of G protein on the inside of the cell membrane
        
        G protien activates adenylate cyclase converts to ATP to AMP
        
        cAMP is the second messanger
        
        cAMP activates enzyme inside the cytoplasm called protein kinase
        
        Kinases initates another cascade leads to activation of protiens in the cell to alter cell activity
- - - - Thyrotropin releasing hormone, will stimulate the anterior pituitary to produce TSH ( thyroid stimulating hormone).
    - - Prolactin releasing hormone
    - - prolactin inhibitng hormone. this alone with 2 regulates prolactin levels
    - - Corticotropin releasing hormone. will stimulate the anterior pituitary to produce ACTH ( adrenocorticotropic hormone
    - - Gonadotropin releasing hormone, stimulate the anterior pituitary to produce the sex hormones
    - - Growth hormones releasing hormone
    - - Somoatostatin. alone with #6 regulates growth hormone levels . used to be called GHIH( growth hormone inhibiting hormone)
  - - - oxytocin
    - - Antidiuretic hormone
- - - - tyrosine can be converted into epinephine and norepinephrine.
      - peptides: short chains of amino acids, similar to polypeptides but is made up of 15 or few amino acids
        
        Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin only hormones that contain 9 amino acids
        
        protiens: long chains of amino acids and ma contain few thousand
        
        insulin and parathyroid hormone
      - thyroid hormones
  - - - fat soluble, so it must be attached to a protien when traveling through the blood stream
      - reproductive hormones, estrogen hormones, and testosterone
- - - - gonadotropics and work together
    - - both males and females stimulates sex hormones
    - - stimulates the adrenal cortex , outside portion of adrenal glands
    - - not a tropic hormone , during the sleep cycle its secreted
    - - stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
    - - stimulates skin cells to make melanin
    - - helps with milk production in female, for males decreases LH secretion