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Protists (Plantlike Protists (Brown Algae (Many organisms that are called…

- - - - Algae play a significant role in many environments and an example would be algae that live in lakes, oceans, and near the surface ponds are an important food source for other organisms in the water.
        
        A lot of the oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere is made by these algae.
  - - - Most cells carry out a function in a colony but some cells can become specialized to preform certain functions like reproduction.
  - - - Other ones attach to objects like rocks in shallow water and diatoms are food sources for heterotrophs in water.
        
        A lot of diatoms can move by ozzing chemicals out of slits in their cell walls and they can then glide in the slime.
        
        When the diatom dies their cell walls collect on the bottoms of oceans and lakes.
        
        Over some time they will form layers of a course substance called diatomaceous Earth.
        
        Diatomaceous Earth can make a good polishing agent and is used in some household scouring products.
        
        It is also used in as an insecticide the diatoms' sharp cell walls puncture the bodies insects.
  - - - They have different amounts of orange, green and other pigments dinoflagellates exist in a wide spread of colors.
    - - A lot of them glow in the dark and they light up the ocean's surface when they are disturbed by a passing boat or swimmer.
  - - - Different from euleoids have one animal-like characteristic they can sometimes be heterotrophs under certain condition.
        
        When the sunlight is available most euleoids are autotrophs that produce their own food but when the sunlight is not available euleoids will act like hterotrophs by obtaining their food from their environment.
        
        Some of the euleoids live only as heterotrophs.
    - - Those pigments are sensitive to light and it helps the euglena recognize the direction of the light source.
        
        It is important how this response is to an organism that needs light to make food.
  - - - Diver found some red algae growing more than 260 meters below the ocean's surface.
        
        The red pigments they have are really good for absorbing the little amount of light that is able to reach deep into the ocean.
    - - Carrageenan and agar are substances that are extracted from red algae that is used in products like ice cream also hair conditioner.
        
        For people in Asian culture red algae is a nutrient-rich food that is eaten toasted, dried, or fresh.
  - - - Some of them form colonies and little are multicellular.
        
        A lot of green algae live in fresh water or salt water and the little that live on land are found in moist soils, in the crevices of tree bark, or found on rocks.
        
        Green algae are really closely related to plants that live on land and green algae.
        
        Plants contain the same type of green pigment and share more important similarities.
        
        Some scientists think that the green algae belong in the plant kingdom.
  - - - According to their brown pigment brown algae also contains orange, yellow, and green pigments.
        
        A normal brown alga has a lot of plantlike structures and holdfasts anchor the alga to rocks.
        
        Stalks support their blades that are the leaflike structures of the alga and A lot of brown algae has gas-filled sacs called bladders that allow the algae to float upright in the water.
    - - Giant kelps can grow as long as 100 meters they live in some Pacific coastal waters.
        
        The large kelps form giant under water "forests" where a lot of organisms including sea otter and abalone live.
    - - Substances called algins are extracted from brown algae and they are used as thickeners in puddings also other foods.
- - - - Not like animals, animal-like protists, or protozoanans are unicellular.
        
        Protozoanans sometimes can be classified into four groups, based on the way they live and move.
  - - - Sarcodines move and eat on forming pseudopods temporary bulges of the cell.
        
        Pseudopod means "false root."
        
        Pseudopods form when cytoplasm flows toward a location and the rest of the organism follows.
        
        Pseudopods allow sarcodines to move.
        
        An example would be that amoebas use pseudopods to move away from bright lights.
        
        Sarcodines use pseudopods to trap food.
        
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    - - Small particles like the ones of the water can pass easily through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm.
        
        If extra water built up the amoeba would burst.
        
        luckily the amoeba has a contractile vacuole that is a structure that collects the extra water and tells it to leave the cell.
  - - - Ciliates have structures called cilia they are hairlike projections from cells that move in wavelike motions.
        
        Ciliates use their cilia to obtain and move food.
        
        Cilia act like tiny oars to move their ciliate and the movement they make sweeps food into the organism.
    - - The paramecium have two contractile vacuoles that get rid of extra water.
        
        It has multiple nucleus and the larger one controls the daily tasks of the cells.
        
        The smaller nucleus functions in reproduction.
        
        Paramecia most of the time reproduce asexually by binary fission.
        
        Sometimes paramecia reproduce by conjugation.
        
        this happens when two paramecia join together and exchange some of their genetic material.
  - - - Flagellates are protists that use long whiplike flagella to move and a flagellate could have one or more flagella.
    - - In them then they digest the wood that the termites eat and that produces sugar for themselves also for the termites.
        
        The termites protect the protozoans.
        
        An example of symbiosis is the interaction between these two species and it is a close relationship in which at least one of the species benefits.
        
        An example of mutualism a type of symbiosis is when both partners benefit from living together that is there relationship.
    - - Wild animals like beavers deposit Giardia in lakes, rivers, and in fresh water streams.
        
        When people drink water containing Giardia these protozoans attach to a persons intestines where they feed and reproduce.
        
        The people then develop a serious intestinal condition and it is commonly called hiker's disease.
  - - - They are all parasites that eat off of cells and body fluids of their hosts.
        
        These protozoans move in many different ways and some have flagella.
        
        Some depend on their hosts for transport and one even can produce a layer of slime that allows it to slide places.
        
        A lot of these parasites have more than one host and an example would be Plasmodium a protozoan that causes malaria that is a disease of the blood.
        
        Two hosts are interactive in a Plasmodium's life cycle humans and species of mosquitoes found in tropical areas.
        
        The disease spreads when a healthy mosquito bites a human with malaria then becomes infected and then bites a healthy human.
        
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- - - - A lot of fungi use spores to reproduce and a spore is a small cell that is able to grow into a new organism.
  - - - They live on forest floors and other shady moist places.
        
        Slime molds ooze along the surfaces of decaying materials feeding on bacteria and other microorganisms.
        
        Some of the slime molds are super small that you need a microscope to see them and others may cover an area of several meter.
    - - Later then the cells grow bigger or join together to form a large jelly mass.
        
        In some species the large mass is multicellular and forms when food is rare.
        
        In some others the large mass is actually a large cell with a lot of nuclei.
    - - Over time the spores develop into a new generation of slime molds.
  - - - The organism often grow as tiny threads that look like fuzz.
        
        A fish is attacked by a water mold and a leaf covered by some downy mildew.
    - - A water mold made an impact on history when it destroyed the Irish potato crops in 1845 and 1846
        
        The loss of the food crops led to famine and more than a million people in Ireland died.
        
        A lot of others moved to the United States also other countries.
- - - - Protists are so different from one an other some people think of them as the "odds and ends" kingdom.
        
        They share some characteristics and all protists live in moist surroundings.
  - - - Some protists are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs.
  - - - The three groups are animal-like protists, plant-like protists, and fungus-like protists.
- - - - They can be called the "jewels of the seed"