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RE Ce mind map (themes (quotes ("Love your neighbour as yourself"…

- - - - prejudice
        
        preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.
      - Descrimination
        
        the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.
      - human rights
        
        A right that is believed to belong to every person
      - Social justice
        
        justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society.
      - Positive discrimination:
        Treating people more favourably because they have been discriminated against in the past or have disabilities eg, disabled parking, assistance, better seating.
    - - Dawin theory we evolved from apes
      - Survival of the fittest
      - Natural selection
      - Fundamentalists disagree with this as they take the creation story literally
    - - The belief that people of some races are inferior to others. This type of prejudice is often linked to skin colour. Racism is illegal under the 2010 equality act., Treating someone differently because of their skin colour
      - Example is apartheid in South Africa
      - Martin Luther King carried out peaceful protests in end apartheid in America
        
        He carried out the bus boyott where black people refused to go on buses until the law was changed to allow black people to sit down on buses
        
        His home was bombed and he received death threats
        
        He organised peaceful campaigns to give blacks the vote
      - Muslim quote 'everyone is equal like the teeth of a cmob'
    - - Arguments for
        
        'love your neighbour as yourself'
        
        Morally acceptable as it is not compassionate to judge someone on their sexuality
        
        Everyone is equal 'christ is alll, christ is in all'
        
        'everyone is equal like the teeth of a comb'
        
        We should obey the government and the law is that homosexuality is legal. 'You should obey the government for God was the one that put it there'
        
        However some countries it is illegal to be gay
      - Arguments against
        
        In the book of genesis it states that we should be 'fruitful and multiply' implying that gay is bad and that god intended for males and females to have relationships
        
        Another quote to show this is 'a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife’
        
        In the old testament it states that ‘Do not like with a man as a man lies with a woman’ this shows being gay is sinful and not acceptable
        
        Some laws state that it is illegal to be gay 'obey the government for God was the one that put it there'
    - - Positive
        
        A Polish MP was sanctioned for saying men are more intelligent than women
        
        In 2016 the first ever all-female flight crew operated a plane from Brunei to Jeddah in Saudi Arabia—a country where women are not allowed to drive.
        
        Jenifer Lawrence complained about gender pay gap and negotiated a higher salary than her counter male part
      - Negative
        
        gender pay gap in the UK is at 13.9%
        
        Muslim women are the most disadvantaged in the UK
      - Christianity
        
        Church of England(non conformists)
        
        Society has moved on since the bible and the church should reflect this
        
        Society needs to treat everyone equally
        
        1993 C of E allowed women to take leading roles in church
        
        First female bishop in 2014
        
        Believe that Jesus only had male disciples because he was reflecting society at the time
        
        Roman Catholics
        
        Men and women are equal with different roles
        
        Do not support women being priests
        
        Letter from St Paul stated that 'Women should remain silent in church
        
        Jesus only had male disciples so he would only want men to lead
      - Islam
        
        In some countries such as Saudi Arabia women's rights are restricted as they cannot drive
        
        Of equal value but with different roles as God created everyone
        
        Muhammad stated that 'everyone is equal like the teeth of a comb'
        
        Men and women will be judged equally on the day of judgement
        
        ‘Anyone, male or female, who does good works and is a believer
        will enter paradise.’
        
        Women have different roles they stay at home and look after the children and teach them Islam and cook halal food
        
        Women can still have jobs but the money she earns will be hers as it is the husbands job to provide for the family ‘husbands should take care of their wives.’
        
        They do not need to pray 5 times a day at the mosque, they can only be the imam if no males are present
        
        They must pray in a separate room to men
    - - Freedom of religion: the right to believe or practise whatever religion one chooses.
      - Freedom of religious expression: the right to worship, preach and practise ones faith in whatever way one chooses.
      - They are both a basic right set out by UNICEF
        
        'Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion'
      - In the UK
        
        Law forbids persecution of any believers or non believers
        
        They are allowed to evangelise providing they do not preach hate
        
        Government allow people to worship how they choose
      - Muslim Teachings
        
        'Everyone is equal like the teeth of a comb'
        
        'Let those who do not believe in it do so, and let those who wish to reject it do so'
        
        Eg: When Muhammad was in Medina he showed religious tolerance to Jews and Christians
      - Christian teachings
        
        'Love your neighbour as yourself'
        
        'Christ is all, Christ is in all'
        
        eg: Jesus invited a rich man to follow him but did not stop him from walking away
      - Examples
        
        Burkini ban in France, some mayors have banned it after terrorist attacks
        
        American hate preacher: Americans are aloud to present their xenophobic beliefs without being sanctioned, this is not the same case in the UK
    - - For
        
        Ends suffering
        
        'Love your neighbour as yoursle'
        
        Agape compassion
        
        'Blessed are the merciful'
        
        Lesser of evils
      - Against
        
        Ends life
        
        'Thou shalt not kill'
        
        Sacred
        
        Sancity of life
  - - - Retribution
      - 'Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth'
      - Last resort
    - - proper authority
        
        should be declared by a proper authority
      - Just cause
        
        must be started by a good reason
      - right intention
        
        The war must be fought to establish good and restore peace or fight evil
      - Last resort
        
        The war must be fought to establish good and restore peace or fight evil
      - proportionality
        
        The amount of force should only be enough to succeed, no more
      - win possible
        
        It should be possible to win the war
      - just method
        
        No civilians should be involved with no unnecessary cruelty
    - - Pacifism
      - 'Thou shall not kill'
      - reformation
      - No point responding to violence with more violence, will lead to more suffering
      - Innocent people get killed
    - - Against conflict
        
        "Thou shall not kill"
        
        "Turn the other cheek"
        
        "Blessed are the peacemakers"
        
        "Let he who has never sinned throw the first stone"
        
        "Do not take life, which God has made sacred"
        
        "The servants of the Lord of Mercy are those who when aggressive people address them reply, with words of peace."
      - For conflict
        
        "An eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth"
        
        "Beat the cutting blades of your ploughs into swords"
        
        Jesus cleanses the temple
        
        Just war theory
        
        "Those who have been attacked are permitted to take up arms because they have been wronged"
        
        "Fight in God's cause against those who fight you but do not overstep the limits"
    - - peace
        
        sometimes, people have to go to war to make peace e.g. Canon Andrew white is an absolute pacifist but said to make peace with ISIS they must go to war with them
      - Justice
        
        it is about being fair or right or making up for a wrong that has been committed. Most wars are caused by one group wanting justice.
      - Forgiveness
        
        Once the war is over, forgiveness must be shown to reach peace. It is a key teaching of Jesus - "i tell you not seven times but seventy seven times"
      - Reconciliation
        
        where individuals or groups restore relationships after conflict or a disagreement. Archbishop desmond Tutu wanted to restore the relationship between the blacks and whites in South Africa.
    - - stop atrocities e.g genocides
      - self defence e.g. protecting nation
      - remove a dictator
      - Retaliation e.g America attacking Afghanistan after 9/11
      - Religion e.g. crusades
      - Greed e.g. land, resources or power
    - - fighting for a religious cause or God
      - features of a holy war
        
        must be authorised by a religious leader with great authority
        
        purpose is to defend their faith from attack
        
        can not be declared to convert people to their religion
      - example: crusades
        
        Muslims and Christian fought each other for over 3 centuries to try and win power over Jerusalem
        
        1.7 million people died
      - 'beat the cutting blades of your ploughs into swords'
    - - resources- oil
      - defence ww2
      - Greed-ww2
      - power-ww2
      - land-ww2
      - religion-crusades
    - - Jesus cleanses the temple
      - 'An eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth'
      - 'Beat the cutting edge of your ploughs into swords'
      - Just War theory
      - 'Those who are permitted to take up arms because they have been wronged'
      - 'Fight in God's cause against those who fight you, do not overstep the limits'
      - 'Thou shall not kill'
      - 'Turn the other cheek'
      - 'Blessed are the peacemakers'
      - 'Let he has never sinned throw the first stone'
      - 'Do not take life for which god has made sacred'
    - - Chemical: Chemicals used to poison, burn of paralyse humans and destroy the natural environment. In 1993 using these weapons were made illegal
      - Biological weapons: Weapons that have living organisms that can lead to disease or death
      - Chemical weapons were used in Syria by their government and killed 80 people
      - Nuclear Weapons
        
        Weapons that work by a nuclear reaction
        
        Hiroshima 60,000 immediately died and 140,000 months later
        
        Nuclear deterrent: Some argue in favour of nuclear weapons as they say that the more countries with them it will put people off using them for fear or retaliation
        
        Nuclear disarmament: Others argue that we should get rid of them
        
        Christian Teachings to support it
        
        'an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth'
        
        'Beat the cutting blades of your ploughs into swords'
        
        Christians Teachings against it
        
        'Thou shall not kill'
        
        Just War theory
        
        Muslim Teaching against it
        
        'Do not take life, which God has made sacred'
        
        'Fight in God's cause against those who fight you but do not overstep the limits'
    - - An expression of disapproval in a public group
      - UK law allows people to show their point of view
      - Peaceful protest
        
        Montgomery Bus Boycott
        
        Rosa Parks was arrested as she refused to give up her seat for a white person on the bus
        
        These actions sparked a bus boycott
        
        Believed to have been successful because they remained peaceful throughout
      - Violent Protest
        
        August Riots 2011
        
        2011 there was violence and rioting in the UK cities . It started when people took to the streets over a police shooting, 4000 people were arrested
      - Terrorism
        
        People use violence or a threat of violence to achieve their aims
        
        Kills indiscriminantly
        
        People believe if they make society scared then they will give into their demands
        
        9/11 happened because they wanted to get rid of American influence in Muslim countries
    - - All violence is unjustifiable
      - Absoloute
        
        Always wrong
      - Conditional
        
        Recognise there are occasion when its lesser of 2 evils
      - Examples
        
        Martin Luther King
        
        Quakers
      - Quotes
        
        Muslim
        
        'Do not take life which God has made sacred'
        
        'The servants of the Lord of Mercy are those when aggressive people adress them reply with words of peace'
        
        Christian
        
        'Blessed are the peacemakers'
        
        'Turn the other cheek'
        
        'Thou shall not kill'
    - - 'The troubles'
        
        Tension between protestant and catholic denominations of Christianity
        
        Political and religious issues
      - Mairead Corrigan
        
        Catholic of Northern Island formed the 'Peace people' organisation
        
        Organised peace marches throughout the UK that give people the opportunity to say they wanted peace rather than violence and killing
      - Responses to Victims of War
        
        'Love your neighbour as yourself'
        
        Christian Aid, working in Syria to help refugees who had to flee their homes as a result of the civil war and education
  - - - Theft
        
        'Thou shall not steal' - opposes one of the 10 commandments
      - Murder
        
        life is sacred so Christians condemn it - 'Thou shall not kill'
      - Hate crime
        
        violent actions against someone because of their race, religion, sexuality, disability or gender. Christians strongly condemn hate crimes as it opposes the quotes 'Christ is all, Christ is in all' and 'love your neighbour as you love yourself'
      - Case study: Anthony Walker
        
        He was 18 when he was killed in a racist hate attack
        
        His mum forgave her son's killers, we expect God to forgive us so we must forgive
    - - opposing an unjust law
        
        Christians believe they should follow the state laws - 'Obey the government as God is the one who put it there'
        
        However, if there is an unjust law some would argue it should be broken to fix it
        
        Rosa Parks did not give her seat up on a bus as she believed everyone is equal 'Christ is all, Christ is in all'
      - Lack of education
      - Poverty
      - Greed
      - Addiction
      - Upbringing
      - Mental illness
      - Hate
    - - Retribution
        
        revenge can be taken on the criminal e.g. if someone murders their life should be taken - 'an eye for an eye'
      - Deterrence
        
        this is the idea that people will be put off of commiting the crime e.g. the driving ban will prevent people drink driving - prisons are a deterrent to stop people from commiting a crime
      - Protection
        
        protecting society from the criminal e.g prison or death penalty
      - Reformation
        
        aim to change the criminals behaviour so they begin to abide by the law e.g. group therapy and counselling while their prison sentence will help. It follows the teaching 'god disciplines the ones he loves'
    - - community service
        
        minor offences e.g. vandalism or minor assault
        
        involves doing 40-300 hours of unpaid work for the community e.g. removing graffiti
        
        positives
        
        criminal gets a chance to make up for what they have done
        
        can reform the criminal
        
        supported by the church of England
        
        'God disciplines the ones he loves'
        
        negatives
        
        doesn't protect society from the criminals
        
        it can be seen as a soft punishment so it doesn't deter criminals away
      - Prison
        
        for serious crimes committed
        
        involves a loss of freedom - criminals are locked in cells for most of the day, fed at set times and do manual work for little money
        
        supports criminals e.g. education and rehabilitation
        
        positives
        
        protects society from dangerous criminals e.g. murderers
        
        sense of justice for victim - retribution
        
        prison can help reform criminals through rehab
        
        they are severe punishments so it deters criminals
        
        negatives
        
        expensive to run e.g. £40,000 a year to keep someone in prison
        
        many criminals reoffend when they are released from prison so not an effective deterrent
      - corporal punishment
        
        punishing an offender by inflicting physical pain e.g. whipping someone
        
        Illegal in the UK but legal in some parts if the world e.g. Saudi Arabia where it is used for offences such as gambling and sexual promiscuity
        
        positive
        
        inexpensive way of punishing criminals
        
        permitted by muslim teachings - ' cut off the hand of the thieves'
        
        negatives
        
        goes against human rights
        
        many Christians argue that Jesus treated people with compassion and respect so we should do the same
        
        'Love your neighbour as you love yourself'
      - death penalty
        
        reserved for the most serious crimes e.g. rape and murder - it was abolished in the UK in 1969 but legal in 32 American states
        
        for
        
        principle of utility - means an action is right if it promotes happiness for the maximum number of people
        
        meets the aim of retribution - 'an eye for an eye'
        
        In some muslim countries it is used for crimes such as murder - seen as a good deterrent
        
        against
        
        sanctity of life - only God can give life so he must be the one to take it away - it breaks the commandment 'thou shall not kill'
        
        It doesn't allow the criminal a chance to reform and change their behaviour
        
        It isn't an effective detterent
        
        case study: Shawn Ford - currently on death row in the USA for brutally murdering his girlfriend's parents
    - - 'an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth'
      - 'Let he who has never sinned throw the first stone
      - 'I tell you 7 times not 70 times 7
      - 'We must obey God rather than Human beings'
      - 'Obey the government for God was the one that put it there'
      - 'God disciplines the ones he loves'
      - 'Thou shall not kill'
      - 'Love your neighbour as yourself'
    - - 'Pardon each others faults and God will grant you honour'
      - 'Cut of the hands of the thieves-whether a man or woman as punishment for what they have done'
      - Shari'ah law- allows for death penalties for murders
- - - - Shahadah:
        
        The Muslim declaration of faith
        
        It is the basic belief in Islam - 'there is one god, Muhammad is his messenger
        
        'and Ali is his friend' This is Shi'a
        
        The only requirement for joining the Muslim faith is to sincerely resite the shahadah in front of witnesses
        
        First and last words a Muslim hears
        
        Included in daily prayers
        
        First of the 5 pillars because it is the foundation of the other 4
        
        Positive
        
        The foundation pillar
        
        Declares their faith
        
        Nagative
        
        Only words not actions
        
        Needs to be backed up by actions
      - Salah
        
        Worshipping God 5 times a day in prayer
        
        Can be done at home or in mosques
        
        Prayer times
        
        Fajr: Just before sunrise
        
        Zuhr: Just after midday
        
        Asr: Afternoon
        
        Maghrib: Just after sunset
        
        Isha: Night
        
        Shi'a Muslims pray 3 times a day, Sunni pray 5 times
        
        Shi'a combine the midday and afternoon. And sunset and night
      - Zakah
      - Sawm
        
        Fasting during the month of Ramadan
        
        This is the 4th pillar of islam and is when a Muslim will fast for 30 days during sunlight hours. Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar for Muslims and is the most important month
        
        Night of Power
        
        The Qur’an was first revealed to Muhammad during the month of Ramadan. The night when Muslim received his first revelation from God is called ‘The Night of Power’. Muslims don’t know the exact date for this but it is believed to be during the second half of Ramadan.
        
        Muslims will observe the Night of Power by praying and reading the Qur’an. To stand in prayer on this one night is said to be better than a thousand months of worship.
        
        Ramadan is often called 'month of the Qur'an' because of this, and Muslims attempt to recite as much of the Qur'an as they can during the month. Most mosques will recite one thirtieth of the Qur'an each night.
      - Hajj
        
        It is a pilgrimage to Mecca
        
        A muslims should make a journey once in their life
        
        1) Entering a state of Ihram
        
        2) Circling the Ka'aba
        
        3) Travelling to Arafat
        
        4) Standing at Arafat
        
        5) Throwing pebbles at Mina
        
        6) Returning Makkah
        
        Has a great significance for Muslims
        
        Teaches sincerity and humanity in a persons relationship with God
        
        can bring a deep spiritual transformation to make people better
    - - breaking of fast
      - It marks the end of ramadan
      - Muslims are thanking God for giving them strength and help to last the month of ramadan
      - celebrated for 1-3 days
      - An imam does a sermon
        
        reminds muslims that they should forgive and forget any disputes which have happened that year
      - Everybody wears new clothes for the occasion and homes are decorated
      - Special foods and processions take place through the streets
      - Not celebrated as a national holiday in Britain but islamic areas breaks are given to muslims to let them pray
    - - Celebrates the prophet Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his child
      - Muslims sacrifice an animal to show their faith and devotion to God e.g. Goat
      - Lasts for 4 days
      - In the UK, Muslims visit family and enjoy festive meals
      - In Britain it is illegal to sacrifice an animal so they buy one from a slaughter house which has been killed as it is halal
      - The family will keep 1/3 of the meat, give 1/3 of the meat to relatives and 1/3 to the poor
      - God was testing whether Ibrahim was loyal and obedient enough to follow his commandments
      - Ibrahim is important as he is a good role model to muslims as they should be like him and be loyal and obedient to God
      - It forms part of Hajj but is celebrated by Muslims all over the world
    - - Remember the battle of Karbala and the death of Husayn on this day
      - Shia's perspective
        
        Remembers the death of Hussein
        
        In day, muslims take part in a public expression of grief and mourning
        
        some may even hit or beat themselves in an attempt to connect with Hussein's suffering and death
        
        UK have encouraged people to donate blood rather than beating themselves
        
        Re enactments and plays are performed to tell the story of Hussein's death
        
        It is customary to provide free meals from mosques
      - sunni's perspective
        
        they refer to Ashura as the day of atonement
        
        it remembers when the Israelites were freed from slavery in Egypt
        
        Traditionally remembers the day Noah left the ark after the flood
        
        Muhammad nominated Ashura as a day of fasting from sunset to sunset and it is a voluntary fast day for sunni muslims
        
        Many give to Charity, show kindness to others and recite prayer
  - - - General Islam
        
        Adam
        
        One of the prophets of Allah, the father of humankind and the first prophet. He built the Ka'aba
        
        Akirah
        
        Belief in life after death
        
        Angels
        
        They are spiritual beings created from elements of light. They gae God's messages to the prophets and watch over humans
        
        Authority
        
        As the direct work of Allah, the Qur'an has supreme authority. This means its truths must be believed and its commands obeyed
        
        Beneficence
        
        Literally means 'doing good'. One of the 99 beautiful names of Allah, it refers to the generosity and love that Allah shows to humans
        
        Day of Judgement
        
        The day when Allah will judge each individual on their deeds, good and bad, and will decide whether they should be rewarded in heaven or punished in hell
        
        Fairness
        
        This refers to Allah's justice. he treats all humans equally and as they deserve
        
        Heaven
        
        Referred to by Muslims as paradise. it is Allah's reward after death to those who have been faithful to Allah and who have repented of their sins. Described as a garden of delights
        
        Hell
        
        It is a place of great suffering after death for those who have rejected the Qur'an's teachings and have led a wicked life. For some it will last forever
        
        Human Accountability
        
        The belief that everyone must take responsibility for their actions and will be questioned about them on the Dy of Judgement. We have accountability because we have free will
        
        Human Freedom
        
        Humans have control over their thoughts, feelings and actions. They have free will
        
        Human Responsibility
        
        Humans are responsible for most of what they do because they have free will and so will be accountability on the Day of Judgement
        
        Ibrahim
        
        One of the prophets of Allah. He rebuilt the Ka'aba and was willing to sacrifice his son
        
        Immanence
        
        The belief that Allah is close to humanity and involved in this world
        
        Jibril
        
        Jibril is the most important of the angels and spoke with many of the prophets of Allah. Jibril dictated the Qur'an to Muhammad. On Judgement day he will assist with the weighing of a person's deeds
        
        Justice
        
        Bringing about what is right,fair, according to the law or making up for a wrong that has been committed
        
        The Ka'aba
        
        The black covered cube shaped building in the centre of the grand mosque in Mecca. All Muslims face towards it when they pray
        
        Mecca
        
        The city where Muhammad was born. The spiritual centre of Islam, it is in Saudi Arabia
        
        Mercy
        
        One of Allah's 99 Beautiful Names. It refers to Allah's willingness to forgive the sins of those who repent and are truly sorry
        
        Mika'il
        
        One of the most important angels. He gives spiritual and material help to humans. On Judgement day he will assist with the weighing of a person's deeds
        
        The Night of power
        
        The name for the night on which Muhammad received the first revelations of the of the Qur'an
        
        Omnipotence
        
        One of the 99 Beautiful Names of Allah. It refers to Allah's ability to do anything. he has no limits
        
        Risalah
        
        Prophethood. Channel of communication with God
        
        The Psalms
        
        Sacred prayers/poems written by King dawud (David) who was himself a prophet of Allah. One of the holy books in Islam
        
        The Qur'an
        
        The Holy Book revealed to the prophet Muhammad by the angel Jibril. Allah's final revelation to humankind. Contains key Muslim beliefs about God and how a Muslim should live their life
        
        Resurrection
        
        After death, all people will be raised from the dead to face Allah's judgement. This is physical resureection
        
        Revelation
        
        Allah shows his nature and his will to believers through the words of the Qur'an
    - - "He is the One, God the eternal. He begot no one nor was he begotten. No one is comparable to Him"
      - "There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his Messenger"
      - "Glory be to my lord who is the very greatest"
      - "In the name of God the lord of Mercy, the giver of Mercy"
      - God " Made angels messengers with two,three,four pairs of wings"
      - "feasting on the fruit in the Garden of delight"
      - "This is the scripture in which there is no doubt, containing guidance for those who are mindful of God."
      - "he is with you wherever you are"
      - "only what God has decreed will happen to us"
      - "he (Muhammad) is God's messenger and the seal of the prophets"
    - - Muhammad died in 632. There was a debate among Muslims who should succeed him as the leader of Islam. The Muslim community was divided
        
        Sunni Islam (80% Muslims)
        
        The majority thought that Abu bakr should succeed Muhammad and he was chosen as the first caliph. He reigned from 632-634 Ad.
        
        They thought he should be the next leader because:
        
        He was a close friend of Muhammad's
        
        He was elected as leader following Muhammad's death
        
        He was Muhammad's father-in-law
        
        He accepted his leadership without doubt or hesitation
        
        He led the community in prayer while Muhammad was dying
        
        After the death of Abu Bakr, 3 more caliphs were appointed (Umar,Uthman and Ali). In total, these 4 caliphs led the Muslim community for 24 years. They did not make the laws but enforced them once the community has considered the views of scholars who had studies the Qur'an and the Sunnah (Muhammad's teachings and acions)
        
        Shi'a Muslims (20% Muslims)
        
        The 4th caliph was Ali and he reigned from 656-661 AD
        
        A minority group of Muslims disagreed with the previous three caliphs and believed that Ali was always the rightful successor Muhammad
        
        They believed this because
        
        He was one of the first converts
        
        He had married Muhammad daughter
        
        They believed he was the successor Muhammad wanted
        
        Ali became the first Imam
        
        Following Ali, most Shi'as Muslims belive that there have been 12 Imams in total. They are know as the twelvers
        
        1 more item...
    - - The belief that there is only one God and in the oneness and in the unity of God. This means Islam is a monotheistic religion
      - God cannot be divided, he is not made up of different persons like christians see God with the trintiy
      - God is completely unique, there is nothing else like God
      - There is nothing humans can compare God to as he is so unique so there are no images or pictures of God allowed in Islam
      - Quotes
        
        He is the One, God the eternal. He begot no one nor was he begotten. no one is comparable to Him
        
        There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger
      - How a belief in Tawhid influences Muslims today
        
        Muslims do not allow any images of God. For example, Muslim mosques are decorated in beautiful geometric patterns instead of images and the Kaaba remains completely empty
        
        Muslims never make anything in their lives more important than God, including their family, their money or their jobs. God is always more important
        
        The Shahadah is repeated many times during a Muslim's lifetime. It is the first thing a Muslim hears when they are born and it is said during daily prayers
    - - Nature and Roles of Angels
        
        They are messengers of God - they can do this because they are pure and sinless so they can communicate with God and then pass on his messages to humans
        
        They have no free will so cannot disobey God, instead they constantly praise and worship God
        
        They are made of light
        
        They are winged creatures
        
        Some angels are responsible for recording people's thoughts, words and actions in their Book of Deeds ready to be used as evidence on the Day of Judgement
        
        Some angels are wardens of hell and some escort people to paradise
        
        Some are guardian angels who take care of humans throughout their lives
      - Quotes
        
        God "made angels messengers with two, three, four pairs of wings."
      - Angels are spiritual beings who are messengers of God and bring God's messages to the prophets. A belief in Angels is an important part of Islam, it is so important that it is one of the Six Articles of faith in Sunni Islam
      - Israfil
        
        Muslims believe there will be a Day of Judgement, only God knows when this day will be. On this day the angel Israfil will blow a trumpet to announce that the world will be destroyed and the present world will be totally transformed into a new world (akhira). The trumpet is believed to be constantly poised at his lips, ready to be blown when God orders. The trumpet will be blown from a holy rock in Jerusalem. He is perceived as having four wings, one to protect his body, another to shield him from God, while the other two extend to the east and the west.
      - Mika'il
        
        Mika’il (Michael) is high-ranking archangel (a special angel with a higher status than others) who is also known to Christians and Jews.
        
        Muslims believe that Mika’il is an angel of mercy. God has assigned Mika’il to reward righteous people for the good they do during their lives on earth. God has also given Mika’il responsibility for sending rain, thunder and lightning to earth.
        
        Muslims believe that Jibril and Mika’il have brought nourishment to human beings: Jibril brought the spiritual nourishment of God’s words in the Qur’an, and Mika’il brings nourishment for the earth and human life through rain.
      - Jibril
- - - - Infant Baptism
        
        ritual in which babies are taken through
        
        The infant is freed from original sin
        
        shown compassion and affection by family and community
        
        introduced to love of god
        
        Some believe the baby is not born with any sin so baptising at infant level is pointless, Catholics disagree with this
        
        Godparents promise to help bring up the child in the Christian faith
      - Believers baptism
        
        Initiation into Christianity by immersion of water
        
        A decision made by adults
        
        Shows dedication to Jesus and God and their teachings
        
        Immersed in water( Symbolises washing away of sin and entering of new life from Jesus)
        
        The person can read a passage from the bible and give a testimony of how come they have came to believe in Jesus and why they want to be baptised
    - - set prayer
        
        Lords prayer
        
        said at churches in large groups
        
        Prayers that have to be written down and said more than once by more than one person for example the lord's prayer
      - informal prayer
        
        Prayer that is made up by the individual
      - Prayer is the way Christians communicate with God they can do this in silence or out loud. People praise God or thank him or ask for help with guidance in life
      - Importance of Prayer
        
        Helps Christians cope in times of trouble
        
        It allows them to reflect on
        
        Helps Christians find peace
        
        Helps people build a relationship with God and open their hearts and minds to him
        
        Allows a Christian to listen to God and his plans for their life
        
        Christians believe God will answer prayer, although sometimes not in the way the person would like to see, eg Jesus asked God whether there was an alternative to his forthcoming crusifixion
      - Different ways to prayer
        
        Some people kneel down in a humble position to show respect to God
        
        In orthodox services people stand to pray and use icons such as the virgin Mary to help them pray
        
        Some Christians raise their hand to invite the spirit into their lives
        
        Some use their own words whereas some use set prayers
      - The Lord's Prayer
        
        Jesus's disciples asked him how to pray and he told them the lord's prayer
        
        Shows Christians how they should pray as it is a mixture of praising God and asking for help and forgiveness
        
        It reminds Christians of the importance of asking God for forgiveness and showing forgiveness to others
        
        It can be said out loud by all members of the congregation at church which develops a sense of community
        
        It is said during the sacraments of baptism and the holy communion
        
        It can easily be learned by children
    - - Liturgical Worship: Orthodox
        
        They follow a set structure or order
        
        Priest reads out a set of prayers, the congregation have set responses
        
        Bible passages are read out which follow the Christian calendar
        
        Music and hymns
        
        Chanting by the priest
        
        Worldwide set service
        
        Use of images and candles to focus worship
      - Informal Worship: Quakers
        
        Doesn't involve a set routine and is often called spontaneous worship
        
        Often worship in silence and wait to here the words of God
        
        No leader of the service anyone can speak if they feel they have been called by God
        
        No images or candles
        
        Sometimes share prayers or readings from the bible
      - Non Liturgical Worship: Gospel
        
        Worship that doesn't have a set routine or rituals
        
        Gospel churches have lively singing and dancing
        
        People from the congregation can pray out loud and share messages from God
        
        The structure can change each week
        
        Often have readings from the bible and sermons on a particular theme
        
        Services have an emotional impact
    - - An outward sign of an inward receiving of a gift of grace
      - 7 sacraments
        
        Holy communion
        
        Uses bread and wine to celebrate, thank God, and remember the sacrifice of Jesus dying on the cross and resurrecting
        
        Importance of it
        
        Brings the church community together
        
        Performing this sacrament is believed to bring them closer to God
        
        Shows everyone is equal
        
        Helps Christians remember and reflect on sacrifice of Jesus and be grateful for his gift
        
        Reminds them that people are starving and reminds them of their duty to help the poor
        
        Contrasting ways it is celebrated
        
        Roman Catholics
        
        The lord's prayer is said
        
        Believe bread and wine are the actual body and blood of christ a bell is rung to symbolise this
        
        Congregation come up to altar to receive bread and wine
        
        The priest and congregation give a sign of peace to eachother
        
        Nonconformist
        
        Believe the bread and wine are symbols of Christ
        
        Wine is sometimes non alcholic
        
        Open table to anyone who wants to take bread and wine
        
        Words said at the last supper are repeated by the minister
        
        baptism
        
        Confirmation
        
        marriage
        
        Holy orders
        
        reconcilliation
        
        anointing the sick
    - - Joruney made for religious reasons to a sacred place, an act of worship
      - Why it is important to Christians
        
        It helps Christians grow closer to God
        
        Allows them to meet others that share their faith
        
        Gives them an opportunity to reflect on their lives
        
        To pray for something or to thank god
      - Iona
        
        Ilsand off west coast of Scotland
        
        A British missionary established a church there its is a place of christian pilgrimage dedicated to Mary
        
        Some people believe that it is a 'thin' place where there is a thin veil between the spiritual world and the physical world.
        
        There is 7 mile hike to the church
      - Lourdes
        
        South West of France
        
        In 1958 a girl named Bernadette had visions pf Mary in a cave
        
        Mary told Bernadette to dig for a spring of water which was discovered to have healing properties
        
        Serge Francois, a man with a paralysed leg completed a 1000 mile hike after his leg was healed at Lourdes. He said he felt a warm glow in his leg in 2002. He was praying at the grotto where Bernadette had visions of Mary. After this he then walked the way of st James spanning France and Spain
    - - Importance to Christians
        
        Festivals are important to Christians because it reminds them of important events in their religion and they are public occasions that involve the religious community
      - Christmas
        
        25th December
        
        'She will give birth to a son and you are to give him the name Jesus, because he will save people from their sins'
        
        Light is used as a symbol during Christian celebrations to show that Jesus is the light of the world
        
        Gifts are exchanged during Christmas period, as the wise men brought 3 gifts for Jesus
        
        Nativity scenes are put up in churches. Shows Christians Jesus was born in a humble stable, he is therefore rich and poor alike
        
        It is a time for giving to charity particularly the less fortunate
        
        Roman Catholic and Church of England perform midnight mass at 12:00 on Christmas Eve to celebrate the coming of Jesus
      - Easter: Most important, celebrates the resurrection of Jesus
        
        The week leading up to Easter is where Christians remember the events to the resurrection.
        
        On good Friday Christians remember the death by special church services
        
        Easter Sunday is the day Jesus resurrected and the day its celebrated. Flowers are used as symbols to celebrate new life
        
        Many churches perform the holy communion on Easter Sunday
        
        Eggs are a common feature as they symbol new life
        
        Contrasting ways Easter is celebrated
        
        Orthodox
        
        They begin their celebrations at midnight on Saturday. They hold candles and walk into the church which is dark, to symbolise the dark empty tomb and finding Jesus's credit card missing
        
        Catholic Chuch
        
        The church of England do something similar as well, they worship Saturday night in the darkness then light the pascal candle to symbolise that Jesus has risen from the dead.
    - - Church community
        
        Church refers to the group of Christians in a community, locally and worldwide
        
        Believe it is their duty to be involved in their local community and helping those in need
        
        Being a Christian is about more than going to church it is about passing on Jesus's teachings and putting them into action
        
        Jesus taught us to show agape love 'Love your neighbour as yourself'
        
        Parable of the sheep and goats. You will not be able to enter heaven if you have not helped the poor/sick/hungary
      - Food banks
        
        Provide emergency food for people in need in the UK
        
        People including Christians donate food to the banks and volunteers distribute the food to people in need who have been given a food voucher
        
        KCC Hedge End
        
        Trussel trust runs food banks based on Christian principles. It has 420 food banks in the UK and provides for nearly 1 million peopple
      - Street pastors
        
        Network of Christians around the UK who give up their time to help the local community
        
        Work with police, local council and other bodies within local communities
        
        Talk to people in pubs, shops and on the streets. Listen to problems and offer advice, guidance help and support
        
        Help community issues such as drunkenness, anti social behaviour
        
        They work outside night clubs
        
        In Hedge End they hand out fruit pastels
        
        They give out flip flops and lollypops
        
        There are now pastors which help tackle behaviour problems such as bullying
    - - Keywords
        
        Mission: A religious organisation or individual who goes out to the world to spread the message of the Christian faith
        
        Missionary: Someone who is on a religious mission to spread the Christian faith around the world
        
        Evangelism: Spreading the Christian method through public preaching or speaking to individuals about the Christian faith
      - Why mission and evangelism are important
        
        Before Jesus ascended he told disciples to teach about him and the Christian faith
        
        10 days after Jesus ascended God sent the gift of the Holy spirit to the disciples which gave them the gifts they needed to spread the message of Christianity
        
        'go and make disciples of all nations'
        
        Christians believe it is their duty to tell people about their faith, this can be done by telling people about Jesus, running the alpha course, preaching, going to other countries
      - Alpha Course
        
        Popular way for Christians to fulfil their duty and teach others about Christianity
        
        Teaches the basics of Christian faith
        
        Can take place in homes or universities or churches
        
        Share a meal together
        
        Listen to a talk on a topic such as Jesus
        
        272,000 attended in 2015
        
        Aim is to invite 1 billion people around the world to try alpha
      - Church Numbers
        
        1.5 to 2.5 billion Christians across the world
        
        Growing rapidly in South America, Africa and Asia, 34,000 a day
        
        Christianity is not growing much in USA and Europe
        
        It is not growing in Middle East because of persecution reasons
      - Discipleship
        
        Dont believe their duty has stopped when they have gained more followers. Believe it is their duty to train Christian coverts about how to follow Jesus and how to live a Christian life
        
        They show discipleship by
        
        Using the media, eg Christian radio, God TV, Twitter, Facebook
        
        Sharing testimonies (Telling other what God has done in their lives)
        
        Prayer
      - God TV
        
        Aim is to reach as many people around the world as they can
        
        A Christian channel that contains a variety of Christian programmes to teach people about God and Christians
        
        Live prayer and worship to help people connect with God
    - - Reconciliation
        
        Restoring harmony after relationships have broken down, it is a sacrament in the Catholic Church
        
        Humans and God were separated by sin and were able to be reconciled due to the sacrifice of Jesus as this allowed our sins to be forgiven
        
        Human relationships also break down so Christians believe it is important to restore these relationships
      - Example of reconcilliation
        
        Arch Bishop Desmond Tutu
        
        Many black people wanted revenge after apartheid but Desmond Tutu promoted forgiveness and reoncilliation
        
        Truth and reconciliation Commission was led by him, to investigate crimes committed under apartheid, the aim was to help both sides reconcile
      - Persecution
        
        When someone is mis treated because of their race, political or religious beliefs
        
        Christianity began as a persecuted religion until the conversion Constantine
        
        The international society of human rights claimed 80% of discrimination acts are against Christians
        
        Christians were discriminated against in 75% of worlds nations
        
        Ranges from forcing Christians to pay extra tax, attacks on churches and being killed
      - Examples of persecution
        
        Baber George in Pakistan was imprisoned for being in a gang war and there he became Christian
        
        He set up new churches and organise missions and conferences in city stadiums and social projects that assisted the poor and uneducated
        
        He became a peace ambassador for the organisation interfaith harmony and spoke out against persecution of Christians
      - Responses to persecution
        
        Persecution can help Christians strengthen their faith
        
        Christians believe that those who suffer for their faith share in the suffering of Jesus
        
        Some argue the church grows because of persecution because others see that people are prepared to die for their faith and see their conviction
        
        It gives opportunities to follow the teachings of Jesus and 'turn the other cheek'
        
        Christians support those who are being persecuted
        
        The open doors charity supports Christians around the world who are being persecuted
        
        Christians pray for them and support them with food and shelter, raise awareness of persecution and speak up for the prosecuted
      - Responses to worldwide poverty
        
        Christian Aid: Charity that helps people of all faiths and none who live in poverty all over the world. Their goal is to end world poverty
        
        Provide emergency aid after a natural disaster eg food shelter and medicine
        
        Campaign to governments to do more to end poverty
        
        Help to build schools so children can get an education
        
        Rebuild homes that were destroyed in war
        
        Help those in refugee camps to provide them with everyday needs
      - Why is it a duty to help those in need
        
        'Love you neighbour as yourself' Jesus taught us to show compassionate love towards each other
        
        The parable of the sheep and goats
        
        'It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of the needle than for a rich man to enter heaven'
- - - - Believing in the resurrection of Jesus
  - - - Restored the relations between God and humans
- - - - Hell is the opposite of heaven
      - Some see hell as a place of eternal suffering, fire and torture ruled by Satan. It is pictured as a firery pit below earth.
      - Others see it as a place of eternal separation from God
      - There is a great debate about whether an all-loving God would condemn people to eternal torment and pain. A more modern view is therefore to see hell as a state of mind where you are completely cut off from God
    - - A state of eternal happiness in the presence of God
      - It is a reward for both having faith in God and doing good actions
      - Some Christians think that only those who have believed in Jesus will go to heaven, some believe that being baptised into the Christian faith is a guarantee for going to heaven, others believe that followers of other faiths who have led good lives will also enter heaven.
      - It is seen as a place of joy that is free from pain, and a chance to be with family and friends who are already in heaven.
  - - - Immediately after death
      - On the Day of Judgement—this belief is that Jesus will return to judge the living and the dead and comes from the Apostles Creed where it says ‘He ascended to heaven, and is seated at the right hand of the Father, and he will come to judge the living an the dead’
    - - Faith and belief that Jesus is the Son of God – this is demonstrated through the quote ‘I am they way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me’
      - Following the teachings and example of Jesus – this is demonstrated by the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats. This includes things such as helping the poor, sick and the hungry. In the parable, the sheep represent those who have helped those in need so will go to heaven and the goats represent those who have acted selfishly and will go to hell.
- - - - There are 500 witnesses that have claimed that they saw Jesus alive after he supposedly died
      - Jesus's disciple Thomas is said to have put his hands in the wounds in Jesus's chest and hands
      - In the bible it speaks of Jesus eating in front of his disciples to show he is not a ghost
      - All of his disciples died for their belief that Jesus had resurrected
      - There are 4 accounts in the bible
    - - Proves that Jesus relay was the son of God, if he hadn't resurrected then their would be no Christian faith
      - Shows Christians that their sins can be forgiven as Jesus took the blame for them
      - Shows them that when they die their soul will also resurrect
      - Jesus's forgiveness and resurrection proves to Christians they can go to heaven and be with God. They therefore do not need to be afraid of death
      - It shows the power of good over evil
    - - Roman Catholic
        
        When humans die their resurrection will be bodily one-this means people will receive their old body but it will be transformed and glorified state where suffering does not exist
      - Other Christians
        
        The soul will be resurrected very soon after death
        
        The soul will be resurrected some time in the future when Jesus will come to judge the living and the dead