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Different Kinds of Obligation (Primary) (Section 1: Pure and Conditional…
Different Kinds of Obligation (Primary)
Section 1: Pure and Conditional Obligation
PURE
- subject to resolutory condition; demandable at once
CONDITIONAL
- with a condition imposed in its performance
Condition
- uncertain event; every future or uncertain event upon which an obligation or provision is made to depend.
Classification of conditions
a)
as to effect
suspensive
resolutory
b)
as to form
c)
as to possibility
d)
cause of origin
e)
as to mode
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potestative
casual
mixed
possible
impossible
Express
Implied
Characteristic of Condition
Future and Uncertain
Past but uknown
Two Principal Kinds of Condition
Suspensive Condition
- give rise to the obligation
Resolutory Condition
- extinguishes the obligation
Section 6: Obligation with a Penal Clause
Principal Obligation
- can stand by itself and does not depend for its validity and existence upon another obligation
Accessory Obligation
- attached to a principal obligation and therefore cannot stand alone.
Penal Clause
- an accessory undertaking attached to an obligation to assume greater liability in case of breach.
Kinds of Penal Clause
as to its origin
Legal Penal Clause
Conventional Penal Clause
as to its purpose
Compensatory Penal Clause
Punitive Penal Clause
as to its demandability effec
t
Subsidiary or Alternative Penal Clause
Joint or Cumulative Penal Clause
Section 2: Obligations with a Period
PERIOD
- is a future and uncertain event upon the arrival of which the obligation arises or terminated.
Kinds of period or term
1)
according to effect
Suspensive Period
(
EX DIE)
-a term or period with a suspensive effect, which means the obligation becomes effective only from the arrival of a certain day.
Resolutory Period
(IN DIEM)
- a term or period with a resolutory effect, which means the obligation will subsist up to a certain day and it terminates upon the arrival of that day.
2)
according to source
Legal Period
- when it is provided by the law
Conventional and Voluntary Period
- when it is agreed by the parties
3)
according to definiteness
Definite Period
- when it is fixed or it is know when it will come
Indefinite Period
- when it is not fixed and it is not known it will come
Judicial Period
- When it is fixed by the court
Requisites for a valid term or period
It must be future
It must be certain, that is, sure to come but may be extended by mutual agreement
It must be possible physically and legally.
Section 3: Alternative Obligation
Kinds of Obligation according to object:
1.Simple Obligation
– there is only one object
2.Compound Obligation
– two or more prestations, it may be
Conjuctive obligation
- one where there are several prestation and all of them are due
Distributive Obligation
- one where 2 or more of the prestations is due
Alternative Obligation
– debtor is alternatively bound with various prestations that are due but the performance of one of them is sufficient to extinguish the obligation.
Facultative Obligation
– debtor is bound to perform one prestation is due to deliver one thing with a reserved right to choose another prestation or thing as substitute for the principal.
Section 4: Joint and Solidary Obligations
Kinds of Obligations according to the number of parties
1. Individual Obligation
– there is only one debtor and one creditor in a contract
2
. Collective Obligation
– there are two or more debtor and two or more creditors
JOINT OBLIGATION
- where the whole obligation is to be paid or fulfilled proportionately by the different debtors and demanded proportionately by the different creditors. This is the presumption in all collective obligation unless solidarity is expressly stated.
SOLIDARY OBLIGATION
- where each one of the debtors is bound render, and/or each creditor has the right to demand from any of the debtors, the entire compliance with the prestation.
Kinds of Solidary
according to parties bound
Passive-
solidarity on the part of the debtor
Active
-solidarity on the part of the creditor
Mixed
-solidarity on the part of the debtors and creditors
according to source
Conventional
-solidarity agreed upon by the parties
Legal
- solidarity is imposed by the law
Real
- solidarity is imposed by the nature of the obligation
Consequences of Solidary Obligation
Passive Solidarity- one of the several debtors can be made liable for the payment or the performance of the entire obligation. (full payment by any of the debtor extinguishes the obligation)
Active Solidarity- one of the solidary creditors can demand the payment or performance of the entire obligation from the debtor or any of the debtors. (There is mutual representation w/ power to exercise the rights of others in the same manner as their own rights)
Solidary liability cannot be presumed
(1) When the obligation itself expressly provides for solidarity, for the burden s now assumed voluntarily by the debtor/s who are supposed to take care of their own concerns and affairs (Conventional Solidarity)
(2)When the law expressly provides for solidarity for which the law has its own legal reason for the imposition of solidarity (Legal Solidarity);
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Section 5: Divisible and Indivisible Obligation
Divisible Obligation
- is one of the object of which, in its delivery or performance, is capable of partial fulfillment.
1.Qualitative Division – divisibility depends on the quality of the thing; not homogenous (e.g. Inheritance – real & personal property)
2.Quantitative Division – divisibility depends on the numbers of the things; homogeneous (e.g. 1000 hectares of land can divided into how many parts)
3.Ideal Division – non-material divisibility; only mental & intellectual (e.g. Corporation).
if the contract is divisible and a part of it is illegal, the illegal part of the contract is considered void and not enforceable.
Indivisible Obligation-
is one of the object of which in its delivery or performance is not capable of partial fulfillment.
1.Legal Indivisibility – indivisibility provided by law
2.Conventional Indivisibility – indivisibility agreed upon by both parties
3.Natural Indivisibility– indivisibility by reason of the nature of the object or subject matter of the obligation
if the contract is indivisible and a part of it is illegal, the entire contract is considered void and not enforceable.