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Viruses (Replication (Replicative Cycles of Phages (Lytic Cycle…

- - - - host specificity results from evolution of recognition systems by the virus with a "lock and key" fit between viral surface proteins and receptor molecules on outside of cells
      - some viruses have a wide host range, like the West Nile virus, or are only able to infect one host, like the Measles.
  - - - mechanism of genome entry depends on the type of virus and host cell
        
        once the genome is inside, its proteins can reprogram the host cell to copy the viral nucleic acid and make viral proteins
        
        the host provides nucleotides for viral nucleic acids, enzymess, ribosomes, tRNAs, amino acids, ATPs, and others to make viral proteins
  - - - Replicative cycle that results in death of the host
        
        bacterium lyses and releases the phages after cell death. Each phage can infect another host cell
        
        virulent phage: phages that only replicate by a lytic cycle
    - - allows for replication of phage without destroying the host
        
        Viral genome is injected into host cell
        
        DNA molecule forms a circle in cell and the molecule is incorporated into a specific site on the cell's chromosome by viral proteins that break the circular DNA and join them
        
        phrophage: viral DNA incorporated into chromosome. When the host cell divides, the phrophage is replicated too.
    - - nearly all animal RNA viruses have an envelope that can enter host cells with glycoproteins that bind to receptor molecules on the surface of host cells
- - - - Vaccines are harmless variants or derivatives of the pathogen that causes the immune system to increase defenses against harmful pathogens
      - Antiviral drugs interfere with viral nucleic acid synthesis by resembling nucleotides. Examples include Acyclovir or Zidovudine
  - - - spread by horizontal transmission, or a plant infected from an external source, or vertical transmission by inheriting a viral infection from a parent