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Unit One: 1491-1607 (Key Concept 1: (Before the arrival of Europeans,…
Unit One: 1491-1607
Key Concept 1:
Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other. [Notes on "Before Contact" can be found here]
(B) Societies responded to the lack of natural resources in the Great Basin and western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles
(C) In the Northeast and along the Atlantic Seaboard, some colonies developed a mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economy that favored the development of permanent villages
(A) The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the American Southwest and beyond supported economic development and social diversification among societies in these areas; a mix of foraging and hunting did the same for the societies in the Northwest and the areas of California
Key Concept 2:
European overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic Ocean. [Notes on "Old and New Worlds Collide" can be found here and Notes on Columbian Exchange can be found here]
(B) Spanish and Portuguese traders reached West Africa and partnered with some African groups to exploit local resources and recruit slave labor for the Americas
(C) The introduction of new crops and livestock by the Spanish had far-reaching effects on native settlement patterns as well as on economic, social, and political development in the Western Hemisphere
(A) Spanish and Portuguese exploration and conquest of the Americas led to widespread deadly epidemics, the emergence of racially mixed populations, and a caste system defined by and inter-mixture among Spanish settlers, Africans, and Native Americans
(D) In the economies of the Spanish colonies, Indian labor, used in the encomienda system to support plantation-based agriculture and to extract precious metals and other resources, was gradually replaced by slavery
Key Concept 3:
European expansion into the Western Hemisphere caused intense social, religious, political, and economic competition in Europe and the promotion of empire building.[Notes on Spanish colonization and Empire can be found here]
(B) New crops from the Americas stimulated European population growth, while new sources of mineral wealth facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.
(C) Improvements in technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas.
(A) European exploration and conquest were fueled by a desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianity
Key Concept 4:
Contacts among Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans challenged the world views of each group
(B) Many Europeans developed a belief in white superiority to justify their subjugation of Africans and American Indians, using several rationale.
(C) In spite of slavery, Africans' cultural and lingustic adaptations to the Western Hemisphere resulted in varying degrees of cultural preservation and autonomy
(A) With little experience dealing with people different from themselves, Spanish and Portuguese explorers poorly understood the native peoples they encountered in the Americas, leading to debates over how American Indians should be treated and how "civilized" these groups were compared European standards.