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social identity (ethnicity (built on (country of birth & common…
social identity
ethnicity
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ethnicity refers to a combination of cultural differences, in areas such as religion, family structures, beliefs, values, norms
Winston-ethnic identity develop when people see themselves as being distinctive in some way from others because of a shared cultural background and history
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built on
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religious beliefs, celebrations and traditions
ethnic identities are negotiable, their nature and meaning can change to external and internal factors
Wimmer
an important aspect of ethnic identities is how they are defined in relation to other ethnic groups by constructing a sense of difference
another way in which ethnic identities can be imposed relates to how minority identities can be defined by major ethnicities in terms of otherness
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gender
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Crisis
Benyon
contemporary global societies are experiencing a crisis of masculine identity caused by a combination of:
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results in the rise of two particular forms of exaggerated masculinity that try to reassert traditional forms of male identity
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hypermasculinity
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authoritarian and autocratic, impersonal, contemptuous and violent
particularly appeals to white, middle-class and middle-aged men
Female identities
contingent femininities
are framed and shaped by male beliefs, behaviors and demands
normalized identities
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Chambers et al.--- such identities continually struggle with the problem of "producing a femininity that will secure male approval"
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assertive identities
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women breaking free from traditional ideas about femininity, but not completely setting themselves apart from their male counterparts
Froyum-assertive femininities are are adopted to "resist male power without actually threatening to overthrow such power"
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general information
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Lips
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gender identities differ historically and cross-culturally, which means they are both learnt and relative
class
Crompton
occupation is a good general indicator that can allow us to define simple class groupings, such as working, middle and upper class
occupation can also suggest ways in which class identities develop out of different work-related experiences
class groupings
lower class
general information
traditional working-class identities are fixed around manual work and the manufacturing industry,
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Devine
there were still important differences between the new working class and the middle classes e.g. the former retained a sense of "being working class"
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upper class
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Davies et al.
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of this 1%, 60% live in just two countries: USA and Japan
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collective or group identities applied to important roles. Cultures classify, group and give meaning to broad identities, such as male or female, that define how "men" and "women" are generally expected to behave.