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Chpt 5: The Self (Knowing ourselves by observing our own behaviour…

- - - - we have a set amnt of ability that cannot be changed
    - - our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate & grow
  - - - Task-contingent rewards
        
        rewarded simply for doing the task
      - Performance-contingent rewards
        
        rewarded based on performance
        
        more effective, less likely to lose interest
        
        but may make them feel evaluated-->harder for them to do well-->lower their intrinsic interest in the activity
        
        hence, convey +ve feedback w/o putting pressure on kids
- - - - may not lead us to the true causes of our feelings & behaviour, but we'll manage to convince ourselves that it did
      - Causal theories
        
        theories abt causes of one's behaviour, often learned from our culture
        
        but our schemas and theories may not always be correct
  - - - Bring to mind reasons that don't really reflect how they feel
      - Talk themselves into believing that this is how they feel
      - Attitude change resulting from thinking abt reasons for your attitudes
  - - - escape this state with drugs, food, dangerous behaviour
      - or through religious expression & spirituality
    - - if you experienced success, focusing on yourself is pleasant
      - keeps u out of trouble by reminding u of what's right & wrong
- - - - Eg. likeable experimenter study
      - tend to automatically adopt the views of ppl we like but reject views of ppl we don't
  - - - ppl's predictions abt how they will feel abt a future event
    - - women based their affective forecasts on how much another student liked the man
  - - - when there is no objective standard to measure themselves against & when they are uncertain abt themselves in a particular area
      - who do we compare ourselves with?
        
        To know what excellence is
        
        upward social comparison
        
        compare with ppl better than you
        
        To feel better abt yourself
        
        downward social comparison
        
        compare with ppl worse than you
        
        compare with your past performance
        
        To get accurate assessment of own ability
        
        compare with others with similar background in the area