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Reported/ indirect speech (Reporting verbs (Neutral verbs (Say is never…
Reported/ indirect speech
General information
To report what we or other people have said or thought
Use of a reporting verb
Only mention essential information
Reporting verbs
Neutral verbs
Say is never followed by an indirect object
, whereas we have to
use an indirect object after tell
When reporting more than one sentence, it is not necessary to repeat the reporting verb to introduce every new sentence
(e.g. say and tell)
Topic verbs
To
summarize the topic, rather than details of a conversation or text
These verbs are followed by a noun phrase, a question-word clause or a question-word infinitive clause (no a that-clause)
(e.g. discuss and talk about)
Non-attitude verbs
To comment on
the function of what is said
These verbs are
generally used when the provided additional information is important
(e.g. add, answer, ask, explain, reply and mention)
Attitude and interpretation verbs
(e.g. claim, complain, warn, accuse, beg, demand, deny and threaten)
To
report sth that has been said and giving an interpretation of judgement
Changes of pronoun and adverb
now = then ; here = there ; this = that ; these = those ; come = go ; bring = take ; today = that day ; tomorrow = the next day/ the following day ; yesterday = the previous day/ the day before ; last (day/week/ month etc.) = the previous ...
Changes of tenses
Present forms become past forms, past forms become perfect tenses and future tenses become conditional forms
Simple present = simple past ; simple past = past perfect; present perfect = past perfect ; simple future = conditional ; present continuous = past continuous ; past continuous = past perfect continuous; present perfect continuous = past perfect continuous; past perfect continuous stays the same; future continuous = conditional continuous
Modal verbs stay the same
(e.g. would, should, could, might, must, need and had better)