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Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals (Plant hormones help…
Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli
Gibberellins 吉貝素
stem elongation
主要生成部位在根和嫩葉;可刺激經與葉的生長但對根幾乎沒有作用;GA和生長素共同促進莖的延長;矮性突變珠可經由GA處理
fruit growth
許多植物的果實需要生長素和GA都存在才能發育;GA可使葡萄的節間延長,讓果實生長空間變大
germination 萌發
種子富含吉貝素,經過水的浸潤,胚釋出GA傳訊給種子,打破休眠;GA可刺激消化酵素的合成(e.g. α-澱粉酶)促進穀類幼苗的生長
Brassinosteroids 菜籽類固醇
可在極低濃度下誘導莖節以及幼苗細胞伸長與分裂、減緩葉的脫落、促進木質部的分化
Cytokinins 細胞分裂素
control of apical dominance
生長素和CK的比例被視為控制腋芽抑制的因素
anti-aging effects
可抑制蛋白質降解,刺激RNA級蛋白質合成、從周圍組織移入營養等方式,延緩某些器官老化
control of cell division and differentiation
由細胞分裂旺盛的組織所產生,尤其是根、胚、果實
Abscisic acid 離層素
seed dormancy 種子休眠
ABA可抑制種子萌發
drought tolerance
ABA造成保衛細胞的鉀離子通道打開,流失鉀,伴隨著水分的流失,使氣孔關閉,減少蒸散
Auxin 生長素
泛指可促進芽鞘生長的任何化學物質
吲哚乙酸(indoleacetic acid, IAA)
極性運輸(polar transport):細胞中生長素運輸蛋白的極性分佈(多集中於細胞基部)
the role of auxin in cell elongation
刺激嫩枝細胞的伸長
在較高濃度下,生長素或許會抑制細胞伸長,可能是誘導乙烯的產生
酸生長假說:生長素刺激細胞膜的H+幫浦,增加膜電位並在降低細胞壁的pH值,活化胞壁擴張蛋白(expansin),打斷纖維素微絲及氫鍵,鬆動胞壁交織結構。膜電位升高,離子進入胞內,導致水的滲入,使膨壓和細胞塑性升高,使細胞伸長
lateral and adventitious root formation 側根及不定根的形成
auxin as herbicides
人工合成生長素2, 4-D,可去除闊葉的真雙子葉植物雜草
other effects of auxin
提高形成層的活性以及影響形成層原始細胞的分化進而影響次級生長
可誘導果實在未受粉的情況下正常發育
Ethylene 乙烯
senescence 老化
leaf abscission
形成離層
the triple response to mechanical stress 三重回應
幼苗抵抗障礙物時,頂端的逆境誘導產生乙烯;三個回應:減緩莖的延長、莖的加粗、莖彎曲而成平行生長
fruit ripening
Responses to light are critical for plant success
Phytochromes (光敏素) as phtoteceptors
phytochromes and seed germination
phytochromes and shade avoidance
Biological clocks and circadian rhythm
Blue-light photoreceptor
The effect of light on the biological clock
Photoperiodism(光週期性) and responses to seasons
a flowering hormone
meristem(分生組織) transition and flowering
photoperiodism and control of flowering
Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light
Mechanical stimuli
Environmental stress
flooding
salt stress
heat stress
drought
cold stress
Gravity