Biology

Vocabulary

3-1. Develop and use a model to describe that structural changes to genes (mutations) may or may not result in changes to proteins, and if there are changes to proteins there may be harmful, beneficial, or neutral changes to traits.

3-3(MA). Communicate through writing and in diagrams that chromosomes contain many distinct genes and that each gene holds the instructions for the production of specific proteins, which in turn affects the traits of an individual.

3-4(MA). Develop and use a model to show that sexually reproducing organisms have two of each chromosome in their cell nuclei, and hence two variants (alleles) of each gene that can be the same or different from each other, with one random assortment of each chromosome passed down to offspring from both parents.

3-2. Construct an argument based on evidence for how asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation. Compare and contrast advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction.

Genetics

Mutations

Asexual Reproduction

Traits

Sexual Reproduction

Alleles

Protein

Genes

Chromosomes

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

the fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity.

a substance that has amino acids, compounds and carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur and is found in many foods.

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only

For example there are several different alleles for eye color genes, such as blue alleles (blue eyes) and brown alleles (brown eyes).

Fir example the "X" or "Y" gene that determines whether you will be a boy or a girl

For example hemoglobin is a globular protein, which means it folds into a compact globe-like structure, but collagen, found in our skin, is a fibrous protein, which means it folds into a long extended fiber-like chain.

For example two parents making an offspring.

For example offsprings are born with having to be sexual produced.

For example a point mutation is sickle cell anemia.

For example alleles for flower color in pea plants are the dominant purple allele, and the recessive white allele; for height they are the dominant tall allele and recessive short allele; for pea color, they are the dominant yellow allele and recessive green allele.

For example a trait is distinguishing feature of a person's character.

Genotype/Phenotype

Genotype

Phenotype

An organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic

The combination of genes for one or more specific traits

Heredity

The passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring

for example

genetics

The science of heredity, dealing with resemblances and differences of related organisms resulting from the interaction of their genes and the environment...

for example

recessive

A trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when parents with different traits are bred

for example

chromoesones

Humans have 23 pairs, designated 1 to 22 in order of decreasing size and X and Y for the female and male sex chromosomes respectively.

for example

Phenotype

An organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic

For example

gene

An organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic

for exasmple

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