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Chapter 6 Skeletal System (6.1 skeletal Primary Functions (blood cell…
Chapter 6 Skeletal System
6.1 skeletal Primary Functions
blood cell production
RBC's & WBC's (red marrow)
protection
ribs & pelvic bones
storage
calcium salts and fat (yellow marrow)
leverage
for movement
Support
6.2 Bone Shape & Structure
macroscopic features
shape
Short bones
(carpals & tarsals)
Flat bones
(parietal, ribs, scapula)
Irregular bones
(vertebrae)
Long bones
(humerus, femur)
features of a long bone (longer than wide)
Periosteum
outer surface of bone
Diaphysis
shaft of bone, bone marrow, & compact bone
Epiphyses
articulating cartilage, & spongy bone
Endosteum
lines the marrow cavity
microscopic features
Compact bone
Cocentric layers of
lamellae
that contain
lacunae
where
osteocytes
live and connected by
canaliculi
. All wraped around a
central canal.
Osteon
functional unit
Perforating canals
go
from one osteon to another with blood vessels and nerves
Spongy bone
(Cancellous bone)
Trabeculae
cell types found in bone
Osteoblast
osteogenesis
Osteoclast
bone resorption
Osteocyte
Mature bone cell, live in lacuna
6.3 Ossification & Appositional growth
Ossification,
replacing other tissue with bone
Endochondral Ossification
From existing hyaline cartilage
step 1:
chondrocytes enlarge & die
step 2:
Blood vessels invade the perichondrium, Inner layer differentiate into osteoblast
step3:
primary ossification center forms, spongy bone fills shaft of bone
step4:
Osteoclast form marrow cavity & epiphyseal cartilage forms
step5:
secondaryossification centers begin and left with spongy bone & articular cartilage
Intramembranous Ossification
Osteoblast differentiate within embryonic or fetal fibrous tissue. (flat bones of skull, mandible, & clavicle)
Appositional Bone Growth
Osteoblast in the periosteum deposit new bone on outer surface, Osteoclast erode the inner surface
Bone Growth and Body Proportions
Ossification of
toes completed by age 11
pelvis and wrist by age 25
arms & legs 18 W & 20 M
Requirements for normal bone growth
Vitamin D3
, Liver, kidneys, calcitriol absorb calcium & phosphate ions form digstive tract
prevents rickets(softening & bending of bones)
Vitamin C
prevents scurvy (brittle bones from reduced osteoblast activity
6.4 Bone Growth & Development