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Topic 20: Auxiliary verbs and modal verbs: forms and functions (Semi-modal…
Topic 20: Auxiliary verbs and modal verbs: forms and functions
Auxiliary verbs: forms and functions
G. considerations
be, do, have add extra info (explain)
before lexical vbs + examples BUT NO LV in reduced or substitute + exmaple
2 functions: auxiliary & LV:
what do you think?
I have to do my homework.
1.3. Verb to do
-, ?, emphatic & substitute
confusion: what do you do? // does
present & past BUT no future
examples
1.2. Verb to be
1.2.1. Progressive a.
duration, ongoing, temporary, progress
be + verb -ing: past, present, future
1.2.2. Passive voice
frequent in English (NO Spanish)
form: changes - all verbs (stative)
Sb + aux + pp
adapted
1.4. Verb to have
have + p.participle: perfect
perspective of the speaker on the relationship between time frames - completeness or not
past: past action connected with another past action
future: past in the future that hasn't happened yet
present: period in the past till now / no specific moment
Modal verbs: forms and functions
2.1.G. considerations
before lexical verb + inf (NO to - ought to/have to)
NO aux. vb for ? and -. ?=inversion /Negatives = n't.
modality of an acton - modify speaker's attitude
Difficult for learners = avoid
2.2. Classification
Will
future, predictions, habitual events, requests and invitations, directives, responding and
disapproval
, as in
My students will start talking every time I try to explain something.
Might
probability, permission and past of may in reported speech.
suggestions
:
You might want to think of giving up.
Would
past of will, future in the past, volition, responding, requests, habitual actions, conditionals and hedging. with advise, imagine or think, we
soften
the situation by using would, as in
The total amount is $500, I would think.
May
permission, probability, general truths, concessions and good
wishes and curses
.
May the Force be with you
or
May you rot in hell
Could
past form of can. probability, suggestions, permission, criticism or
disapproval
, as in
How could you do that to me, to your best friend?
Can
permission, ability, possibility and
general truths
as in
Japanese can be a very difficult language to learn.
Shall
predictions and intentions, directives, making offers and
seeking advice
, as in
What shall I do?
Should
desire, possibility, surprise, suggestions, thanking and
conditions
:
If you should need me to come to England, please let me know in advance
Must
deduction, obligation and invitations, rules and laws, and
reproaches
, as in
Why must he always invite his family without telling me before?.
Semi-modal verbs: forms and functions
characteristics modal verbs & lexical verbs
Need
lack of obligation in negative / statements or no need action. / past: lexical verb to express lack of obligation
Ought to
= should / difference: TO / preferred for ?
Dare
In - and ?. / inf NO to / 2 negative forms (one with to and inflected)
Used to
past tense / usual actions in the past / :red_cross: used not to (formal) & didn’t use to (+ freq.) :