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Solids (Crystalline - A solid that displays an established and unchanging…
Solids
Crystalline - A solid that displays an established and unchanging structure
Structure
Atomic - A solid composed of covalently bonded atoms
Covalent Network - Solids made up of extensive networks of covalently interconnected atoms
Carbon Networks
Graphite
2D network solid comprised of carbon molecules in a hexagonal structure
are not double bonded due to delocalization of electrons which makes graphite stable as well as able to conduct electricity
curently used in car brakes because it is such a good conductor of electricity in situations that generate friction
Diamond
structure is a 3D tetrahedron made of carbon atoms that are covalent single bonds
Currently used in dental instruments
Fullerenes
made of 60 carbon atoms in the shapes of hexagons and pentagons that are double-bonded in a way that forms a ball
Fullerenes with more than 60 carbon atoms are called bucktubes
currently used in protective eyewear
Silicon Dioxide Networks
found naturally in water, plants, animals, and earth
some characteristics are its high melting point and strength in covalent bonds
Metallic - A solid composed of metallically bonded metal ions
Example: Copper
Group 8 - On the periodic tables it is the noble gasses such as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon (these are also the lattice points)
Example: Neon
Molecular - A solid that is sustained by intermolecular forces and neutral atoms
Example: H2O (water in frozen form)
Lattice Points are covalently bonded molecules
(Covalent Bond)
Ionic - A solid made up of cations and anions that when in water will be parted and able to create an electric current
Example: Sodium Chloride
Lattice Points are ions (positive or negative)
(Ionic Bond)
Amorphous - A solid that does not contain a defined pattern in its structure
Structure
Glass - A solid created by combining silica with other compounds, heating it above its melting point and then cooling it which in the end does not contain a defined pattern in its structure
Soda-lime Glass
Sodium Oxide and Calcium Oxide are added to Silicon Dioxide
Makes the glass more weak but is widespread due to lower cost, has a lower specific heat
Borosilicate Glass
Boron Oxide, Aluminium Oxide, and Sodium Oxide are added to Silicon Dioxide.
Makes the glass more durable, and able to use in extreme conditions (high heat or dangerous chemicals)
Lead-Crystal Glass
Sodium Oxide and Lead Oxide are added to Silicon Dioxide
Makes the glass malleable (used for art)
Polymers - A large molecule composed of numerous monomers bonded together forming a chain structure
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
structure has a chain of carbon molecules, each with two fluorine molecules attached to it
is a slick powder that coats surfaces to make them non-stick (used for cooking)
Polyethylene
structure is a chain of carbon molecules, each with two hydrogen molecules attached to it
is nontoxic (used in trash bags, Saran Wrap, and Ziploc bags)
