social segregation & Economic Inequality
MEDC's
factors that influence social segregation
Socioeconomic inequalities in LEDC locations
Solutions
Economic Inequality
Social Segregation
When groups of people live apart from the larger population due to factors such as wealth, ethnicity, religion or age
Difference between levels of living standards, income etc across the whole economic distribution
Housing Stock
Tenure
Income
Family status/ Life cycle
Ethnicity
Social housing
Social & economic issues
Higher crime
Homelessness
Increased health issues
Increased demand on public services
Declined sense of community
low education rates
Lower SOL
Less social mixing
Poverty
Segregation of wealth
Discrimination
Strategies to manage issues
Improve education
Increased public services
Improved housing
Jobs and investement
Taxation
Subsidies
Planning
Law
Education
Deindustrialisation issues
Dereliction
Unemployment
Crime
Violence
Reasons for deprivation and decay
Economic
Environmental
Social
Unemployment, outmigration, less money to spend, depression, crime, population declines, lower aspirations, weaker achievement at school
Deindustrialisation, less money to spend, less investment in area
Dereliction, crime, vandalism, abandoned properties, schools and shops close, env quality declines
Enterprise Zones 1981-present
City Challenge 1991-1997
Urban Development Corporations 1979-1990
Partnership Schemes 2010-present
London Docklands
Gateshead
Hulme, Manchester
Liverpool
Private sector funding to restore derelict areas, first established in 1981in London Docklands, main aims= attract new businesses, improve local environment, create jobs, build new houses. Between 1981 and 1998 24,000 homes were built, 85,000 jobs were created, in addition to building new schools, parks, community facilities including sailing and water sports centre and Surrey Quays shopping centre. By 1993, 12 UDC had been established, to redevelop rundown areas of the country. They were criticised for ignoring needs of local residents
Established 1981 in areas with high unemployment, aim to attract start-up companies and create jobs by reducing taxes. By 1990 the Enterprise Zones housed over 5,000 companies, employing more than 125,000 people. Tax reductions encouraged many existing companies to move premises and staff to EZ's, which limited number of new jobs created
Local authorities competed for government funding to regenerate deprived areas, worked with local community and private companies to improve physical, economic and social environment of the area. Funding was allocated to projects that benefited the local community. By 1997 over 50,000 jobs had been created and 40,000 houses improved. Many deprived areas didn't receive funding
Since 2010 the government has worked with private companies to provide financial support and expertise for urban regeneration. These are designed to improve physical, economic and social conditions in deprived areas, by building new homes, providing parks and sports centres and reducing unemployment. Liverpool City Region Local Enterprise Partnership established 2012 aims to increase business activity and create new jobs
No planning VS planning
Poor environmental quality
Wealth inequality
Housing inequality
Employment inequality- informal VS formal
Causes
Migration
Corrupt/ unorganised governments
No choice
Unfair distribution of money
Lack of social housing
No planning
Informal employment
Non planned housing
Poor quality land
Lack of commitment to area
Lack of land ownership
Invest in infastructure
Improve housing conditions
Put in services/ resources
Invest in education
Supply electricity, sewage, water to communities
Provide social housing
Site and service
Rural development- jobs, education
Bottom Up schemes
Top Down schemes