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Sociolinguists (Lesley Milroy (Social Network Theory: in 1987, Milroy…
Sociolinguists
Howard Giles
Communication Accommodation Theory: the idea that we adapt our language to show how we feel about the person we're talking to
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William Labov
The Social stratification of English in New York in 1966. He concluded that the way people pronounce certain sounds can be attributed to social class
He went to department stores in New York and found in more prestigious stores, the post-vocalic R is used more commonly e.g cart and park.
This was more associated with the middle class
Peter Trudgill
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He looked at the pronunciation of the velar nasal 'g' sound at the end of words. He found that pronouncing this 'g' was a feature of the working class
Basil Bernstein
Created the idea of a restricted code and elaborated by studying children's descriptions about pictures they were shown.
Restricted code: a feature of working class children. This meant their answers were context based on simply what they could see in the pictures. This model was viewed as deficient
Elaborated code: a feature of the middle class children. This meant they gave detailed descriptions and acted like the researcher wasn't there.
Lave and Wenger
Communities of Practice: a group of people who share understandings, perspectives and forms of language use as a result of meeting regularly over time
Identified 3 strands: mutual engagement, joint negotiated enterprise (achieve something) and shared repertoire (similar understanding)
Lesley Milroy
Social Network Theory: in 1987, Milroy conducted a study on speech in Belfast. 'Web of ties'- social relationships an individual contracts with other individuals in a society.
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Density: dividing the number of all the social links between the actors by the potential number number of links (how many people know eachother). Higher the number of potential social ties= higher density.
Multiplexity: the number of separate social connections between any two people (how well they know eachother) or one person you have the highest number of social ties with.
Milroy found density and multiplexity had an effect on accent in-inner city working class communities. Higher scores resulted in stronger accents and lower scores had weaker accents. This is because those who remained isolated interacted with a much smaller group of people.
Dense networks- found in small communities with few external contacts and a high degree of social cohesion. Weak networks- larger communities, with external contacts
Uniplex relationships- have only one social connection. Multiplex relationships- individuals interact in multiple social contexts
Penelope Ekert
American sociolinguist who looked at social networks in American high schools. She labelled two groups, Jocks and Burnouts, whose language and behaviour differed.
She described Jocks language as more socially prestigious- they enjoyed school and respected authority. She found Burnouts as using urban accents and exaggerated pronunciation- involved in anti-social behaviour, had an anti-school and anti-authority attitude