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Attachment ( interactions, stages, multiple attachments) (caregiver-…

- - - - RESRARCH TO COUNTER AND SUPPORT Hrdy- said fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress, which suggest males are less suitable as main primary attachment figures. However, Lamb fathers who become main care providers seem to be able to develop more sensitivity to the child's needs- suggests sensitive responsiveness isn't a biological ability limited to only mothers.
    - - RESERACH TO SUPPORT- research suggests that single parent fathers attachment with children aged 4- 6 years old was similar to attachments the fathers had with their own parents- as no such effect was found with married partners- suggests continuity of attachments occurs more in fathers who are the main caregivers
    - - RESRACH TO SUPPORT- Belsky- found high levels of marital intimacy was related to secure father- infant attachments and low levels was related to insecure father- child attachments.
    - - Brown- assessed attachment patterns In 68 families- finding that high levels of supportive co parenting were related to secure attachment types between infants and fathers, but not between infants and mothers.
- - - - PROCEDURE= lorrenz separated goose eggs into ones having been born from natural mother and one been born in an incubator- he marked them- showing the different groups and made sure he was the first thing that the incubated goslings saw and recorded behaviour immediately after birth. then he put the goslings in overturned box and when he lifted it up, he recorded behaviour.
      - FINDINGS - found immediately after birth- natural born- followed mothers- wheareas the incubated ones followed Lorenz. When he lifted the box- the naturally hatched ones went straight to mother, whereas the incubated ones went straight to Lorenz.- showing no bond with mother. bonds found to be IRREVERSIBLE. also- the ones that in printed onto humans- when they were adult birds attempted to mate with humans. also, Lorenz found that the imprinting only occured within a brief set time period- 4- 25 hours after hatching
      - EVALUATION- imprinting= irreversible- so under biological control. - Bowlby influenced by Lorenz's set time period of when imprinting occured- influenced his critical period (set time where attachments between caregivers and infants must form). - the fact that the ones imprinted on to humans went on to try and mate with humans when adults- links to Bowlby's CONTINUITY HYPOTHESIS. However, the fact that it was done on animals- doesnt necessarily apply to human behaviour
      - PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS of Lorenz's study
        
        In film 'Fly away home'- girl amy and her father disguise aircrafts as huge geese and teach the birds to follow them in flight
        
        imprinting used by sheep farmers- normally lambs whose mother has died will not be accepted into a mother whose lamb died- but if the dead lamb belonging to the mother is skinned and part of it is tied to the orphan lamb- there is a good chance an attachment will occur - as imprinting here= olfactory
      - HARLOW'S STUDY
        
        PROCEDURE = 2 types of surrogate mother- harsh wire mother or soft towelling mother. 16 monkeys- 4 in each condition: 1.cage with wire mother producing milk and towelling mother with no milk. 2. cage with wire mother with no milk and towelling mother with milk. 3. a cage with wire mother with milk. 4. a cage with towelling mother with milk. amount of time spent with each mother recorded and feeding time. a loud noise sounded to see mother preference in times of stress. larger case also used to test monkeys level of exploration.
        
        FINDINGS- monkeys preferred towelling mother even when she produced no food and would even cling on to towelling mother and stretch across to ire mother to collect milk. - monkeys with only wire mother had diarrhoea which is a sign of stress - when frightened by loud noise- monkeys clung to towelling mother. - when in larger cage- monkeys explored more with towelling mother and went to visits surrogate mother more often
        
        CONCLUSIONS- monkeys have innate, unlearned need for contact comfort- attachment more about emotional security than food. - contact comfort- associated with lower levels of stress and willingness to explore- suggests emotional security
        
        EVALUATION- uses animals- so cant necessarily generalise results to humans. - ethical issues- involving separation of baby monkeys and amount of distress produced. - Harlow didnt believe that his work supported Bowlby's belief of a child's innate need for mother love
        
        OTHER HARLOW STUDY- raised new-born babies in total isolation for 3, 6, 12 or 24 months and found monkeys were hugging bodies, rocking loads and when placed with other monkeys- fearful of them- attacked them. they also harmed themselves . the degree of damage positively correlated with the time of isolation. when the monkeys were adult- no sexual interactions. harlow's rape rack- females raised in isolation- tied and forcibly mated- as parents they were awful- abusing own children and neglecting babies- findings suggest social interactions= essential for normal and social development to occur
        
        HARLOW'S RESEARCH TO SUGGEST THAT EFFECTS OF ISOLATION= REVERSIBLE: raised 4 newbron monekys in islaotaion for 6 months and then placed each one with a female therapist monkey to see a few times a week- their behaviour = almost normal at 3 years of age and were totally recovered- could live with normal monkeys
        
        Harlow's isolation studies influenced Bowlby and his MATERNAL DEPRIVATION HPOTHESIS - disruption of the attachment bond as having serious, irreversible effects.
      - SLUCKIN's repeat of Lorenz's study
        
        used ducklings instead of goslings and managed to imprint them onto himself- but kept one in isolation for 5 days which is well beyond Lorenz's critical period of imprinting- 4- 25 hours - and still found it possible to imprint this duckling and concluded that this critical period was actually a SENSITIVE PERIOD - a time best for imprinting but one beyond when attachments could still be formed