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Unit 1: Power, Sovereignty and International Relations (Function and…

- - - - Involves the strategic use of diplomacy, persuasion, capacity building, and the projection of power and influence in ways that are cost-effective and have political and social legitimacy.
      - Joseph Nye
    - - The ability to make friends and influence people not through military might, but through its most attractive assets, notably culture, education, language and values.
      - Joseph Nye
    - - A nation's or political body’s ability to use economic incentive or military strength to influence another actors behavior.
      - Joseph Nye
    - - In this situation, power is not just about making decisions, but also about setting the agenda that leads to decisions. In other words, if you can control the context within which decisions are made, then you can influence those decisions.
        In governmental power, this can be seen in decisions made 'behind closed doors' and in the 'corridors of power', where who is deciding and why is seldom clear.
      - Steven Lukes
    - - Thought where the ability to control what people think of as being 'right' can lead to acceptance of biased decisions without question.
        In governmental power, this appears in propaganda, spin and crafting of speeches that are deliberately designed to change minds before the decision is announced. For example if legislation against trade unions is planned, then a provocative rhetoric of how these unions cause problems may be started some time beforehand.
      - Steven Lukes
    - - It is the ability of one person to achieve compliance by others who change how they behave as a result of the power being exerted. It can be seen in systems of ruling elites, where few people have significant power. As such, power is direct, with identification of an issue and a singular response to this. It is, in essence, about making decisions.
      - Steven Lukes
- - - - In unitary states, the central government has greater control and authority over what happens within its territory. Most decisions and laws are decided by a national legislature such as a national elected parliament or assembly. In the United Kingdom, Scotland has its own parliament and can make its own laws in certain areas. These delegated by the legislature and might, in theory, be restored back to the national parliament if necessary.
      - Example: United Kingdom, the Netherlands
    - - Fragile states may be democratic or undemocratic, but the defining feature is that the state's internal sovereignty and power is weak. The government may be non-existent, illegitimate authority over its territory. For example, the civil war and insurgency in Somalia meant that the central government had no power over large parts of the country. The war prevented elections from being held and there was an almost total collapse of the government's power to keep law and order or provide public services, such as healthcare and education.
      - Example: Syria, Somalia, South Sudan
    - - In states where there is no democracy, the government is not elected and governs with authority that cannot be challenged, held to account or influenced by the population. Leaders remain in power for as long as they wish, or until they are removed by means such as a military coup, foreign intervention (such as the removal of Saddam Hussein in Iraq in 2003) or popular uprising (such as the removal of Egypt's President Mubarak in 2011). In these states, human rights abuses are likely to be widespread and the rule of law is not respected.
      - Example: North Korea, Nazi Germany
    - - In federal states, there is a government, usually in the capital city, which has central power over some policy, such as foreign policy. Beyond this there are governments at sub-national level which have the power to make and enforce the law. For example, the United States. Individual states have the power to decide and enforce their own, different laws. Some states have chosen to have the death penalty, whereas others do not.
      - Example: Germany, Mexico
    - - Many states in Europe, Asia and the Middle East are governed hereditary monarchy or royal family, which is unelected but has gained its authority through generations of rule by the family. Monarchies differ greatly. Some have little more symbolic role (such as the United Kingdom, Sweden and Norway), while others have greater political control (such as the powerful ruling royal family in Arabia). Some monarchies have actively tried to reduce their power and to give more power to elected civilian governments, such as Morocco and the United Arab Emirates in response to the Arab Uprisings in 2011.
    - - Meaning literally rule or government by religion', theocracy is where power is held by religious groups, rather than non-religious political parties. For example, the Islamic Republic of Iran ruled by its Islamic Supreme Leader, who has the power to decide which non-religious candidates stand for election to the state's president. In Saudi Arabia, the ruling Shura Council has the power to make and enforce Saudi Arabia's Sharia or Islamic law, alongside the country's ruling monarchy.
      - Example: Saudi Arabia
  - - - External
        
        states generally respect each others borders and do not intervene with what goes on within the borders of other states
      - Internal
        
        States have full responsibility for, and power over, what happens within their borders
      - Sovereignty is the ultimate overseer, or authority, in the decision-making process of the state and in the maintaining of order
    - - Nation-States
        
        Political social grouping in which people within territorial boundaries, with recognised sovereignty, have common bonds based on culture, language and history
        
        Australia
      - Stateless Nations
        
        Stateless nation is a political term for ethnic/national minority that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state. The term implies that the group "should have" such a state.
        
        Kurdistan, Quebec
      - Nations
        
        Groups of people claiming common bonds based on culture, language and history
        
        Taiwan
      - States
        
        states possess a permanent population, defined territory and recognized sovereignty
        
        Norway
    - - Protection: nations join groups to enhance their security and welfare. e.g. Countries joining the UN or the EU
        
        Throughout world history, people have belonged to many political organisations including tribes, chiefdoms and states
        
        When organizations come into contact they sometimes collaborate for mutual benefit. more often, they compete for scarce resources.
      - Resources: Nations will often share or fight for certain resources. e.g. Territorial land with different resources
    - - Culter: Language, beliefs, customs, religion
      - Conflict
      - History of currency
      - Other actors: people/power
      - Physical geography
      - Demographics: large populations separated due to the stugel of controlling them