- THE EXPANSION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN AFRICA
1874-1902
4750000 square miles
90 million people
Scramble for Africa
Germany
Political Objectives
Become the dominant European power
France
National pride
Revenge on Germany
Belgum
Brussels Conference
Italy
International status
Economic
Portugal/Spain
National prde
End of "Old Colonial Empire"
Protectionism
Start of "Age of New Imperialism"
Free Trade
European Rivalry
Two categories
Dependent Empire
Settlement Empire
Africa
"Empire on the Cheap"
"The Dark Continent"
3 million previously exported as slaves
Expansion
economic
Trade routes
Discovering minerals/resources
Diamonds
Griqualand
1860s
"Undeveloped estates"
"Open door supported by gunboat diplomacy"
Cycle of Dependency
Great Depression
1873-1896
Strategy
Cape Colony
Eastern Trade Routes
Pre Suez
Missionaries
"heathen peoples"
Adventure and exploration
Territories
Basutoland
1868
Griqualand West
1873
Transvaal
1877
Zululand
1879
1887 annexed into Natal
Egypt (Sudan)
1882
Southern Nigeria
1884
British Somaliland
1884
Bechuanaland
1885
Northern Nigeria
1885
Gambia
1888
British East Africa
1888
Uganda
1888
Egypt
Cotton during American Civil War
Invested in Isma'il Pasha modernisation
Irrigation
Education
Railways
street lighting
Suez Canal
Made Eastern Route 6000 miles shorter
By 1870s 40% of Imports came from Britain
1854-6
de Leseps gained concession to create
Suez Canal Company
1858
Begun 1859
Completed 10 years later
Cost $100 million
Shares made internationally
Main interest in France
1875
1789
Isma'il deposed
British officials controlled economy
1878-1882
Taxes food and goods
reduce army 2/3
Rebellion
Arabi Pasha
Forced Tewfiq to appoint him minister of war
Alexandria 1882
deaths
50 Europeans
250 Egyptians
Tewfiq made puppet ruler
Evelyn Baring Consul-General
1855 Convention of London
Confirmed British protectorate
Loan for Egyptian government
British rule improved economy
Increased investment
Interest rate fell
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Dsraeli bought £4 million share
Not consult parliament
Egyptian Share
Bond prices rose
Sudan
1877
Charles Gordon appointed Govenor-General
Opposed by Muhammad Ahmad
Mahdi
Formed army
Maintenance cost 100000 Egyptian pounds a year
Decided to let Mahdi take Sudan
Gordon sent to oversee evacuation 1844
Believed he was sent by god
Khartoum fell 1855
Gordon Relief Expedition en roue
Gordon killed