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Cristina Medina - Nervous System (Cranial nerves (Olfactory nerve - tiny…
Cristina Medina - Nervous System
Lobes of the brain
Parietal Lobe: associated with processing pressure, touch, and pain
Temporal Lobe: interprets sound and language, and is associated with the formation of memories
Frontal Lobe: works with reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language
Occipital Lobe: primary visual cortex; associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information
Nervous System
Central Nervous System- the brain and spinal cord; integrative and control centers
Peripheral Nervous System- cranial nerves and spinal nerves; communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body
Sensory Division- somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers; conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
Motor Division- motor nerve fibers; conducts impulses from the CNS to the effectors
Somatic Nervous System- somatic motor nerve fibers; conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System- visceral motor nerve fibers; conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Sympathetic Division- mobilizes body systems during activity
Parasympathetic Division- conserves energy and promotes housekeeping functions during rest
Major parts of the brain
Cerebrum: its left and right hemispheres interpret touch, hearing, vision, speech, reason, emotions, and learning
Cerebellum: coordinates muscle movements, maintains posture and balance
Brainstem: interacts with breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep, digestion, sneezing, coughing, etc.
Ventricles
Left Lateral Ventricle - left hemisphere
Right Lateral Ventricle - right hemisphere
3rd Ventricle - under the fornix
4th Ventricle - between cerebellum and brain stem
Meninges
Dura Mater: surrounds and supports the dural sinuses and carries blood from the brain towards the heart
Arachnoid Mater: is the location for the cerebrospinal fluid to circulate
Pia Mater: covers the surface of the brain, contains cerebrospinal fluid
Brain stem
Medulla: center for respiration and circulation
Pons: connects the upper and lower parts of the brain, message center for cortex and cerebellum
Midbrain: works with motor movement, auditory and visual processing
Action Potential
Resting state - No ions move through voltage-gated channels
Depolarization - caused by Na+ flowing into the cell
Repolarization - caused by K+ flowing out of cell
Hyperpolarization - caused by K+continuing to leave the cell
Drugs
Cocaine - blocks dopamine transporters and leaves dopamine trapped in the synaptic cleft
LSD- binds to serotonin receptors and excites certain areas of the brain
Alcohol - makes GABA receptors more inhibitory and prevents glutamate from exiting the cell
Meth - mimics dopamine which causes the dopamine transporters to work in reverse and pump dopamine into the synapse
Marijuana - THC mimics anandamide and binds to the cannabinoid receptors, allowing dopamine to enter the synapse
Heroin - mimics natural opiates, binds to opiate receptors and turns off dopamine inhibition
Ecstasy - mimics serotonin which confuses the serotonin transporters and it starts removing serotonin out of the cell
Major function
To collect sensory input from inside the body and the outside environment, process and interpret the sensory input, and respond appropriately to the sensory input.
Cranial nerves
Olfactory nerve - tiny sensory nerves (filaments) of smell
Optic nerve - sensory nerve of vision
Oculomotor nerve - supplies four of the six extrinsic muscles that move the eyeball in the orbit
Trochlear nerve - it innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit
Trigeminal nerve - supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles
Abducens nerve - controls the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball
Facial nerve - innervates muscles of facial expression
Vestibulocochlear nerve - for hearing and balance
Glossopharyngeal nerve - helps to innervate the tongue and pharynx
Vagus nerve - the only cranial nerve to extend beyond the head and neck to the thorax and abdomen.
Accessory nerve - Considered an accessory part of the vagus nerve
Hypoglossal nerve - inferior to the tongue and innervates the tongue muscles.
Classification of neurons
Multipolar - many processes extend from the cell body, are all dendrites except for a single axon
Bipolar - two processes extend from the cell body, one is fused dendrites and the other is an axon
Unipolar - One process extends from the cell body and forms central and peripheral process, together comprise an axon
Sensory/Afferent Neurons - transmit impulses from sensory receptors in the skin or internal organs toward or into the central nervous system
Motor/efferent Neurons - carry impulses away from the CNS to the effector organs (muscles and glands) of the body
Interneurons - lie between motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways and shuttle signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs
Spinal Nerves
8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1–C8)
12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1–T12)
5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1–L5)
5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1–S5)
1 pair of tiny coccygeal nerves (Co1)