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The Nervous System Sandra Salazar Period 4 (Major nerves of the body…
The Nervous System
Sandra Salazar Period 4
Lobes
Occipital Lobe
The visual processing center of the brain and interprets what is seen through the retina
Frontal Lobe
The largest of the 4 major lobes in the brain. Controls emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgement and sexual behaviors
Temporal Lobe
Provides primary auditory reception such as hearing and holds the primary auditory cortex. This allows to process information into speech and words
Parietal Lobe
Processes sensory information about the location of parts of the body as well as interpreting visual information and processing language and mathmatics
Meninges
Arachnoid mater
Lies under the Dura mater and surrounds the spinal cord and brain. It loosely covers the brain and spinal cord and as a web like appearance
Pia matter
Main function is to protect the nervous system by containing the cerebrospinal fluid which acts as a cushion to the brain and spine.
Dura matter
A membrane that envelopes the arachnoid mater, and surrounds
and supports the Dura sinuses. Also is the strongest and outermost layer of protective tissue.
Spaces and Ventricles
3rd ventricle
A narrow cavity that is located between the two halves of the brain. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid to protect the brain from any harm and transport any waste or nutrients
4th ventricle
Located in the upper part of the medulla and has a diamond shape. The main function is to protect the brain from any trauma
Lateral Ventricle
Structures within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid the provides cushioning for the brain
Septum pellucidum
functions as the separation of lateral ventricles
Perivascular space
Pineal lined interstitial fluid filled spaces in the brain surrounding perforating vessels
Disorders
Parkinson's disease
A neurodegenerative disease that affects muscular, speech, sleep, mood, nasal and facial
Alzheimer's disease
A degenerative brain disease that results in slow progressive memory loss and motor control and increasing dementia
Huntington disease
A neurodegenerative disease that affects cognitive, muscular, behavioral, psychological, and mood
Classification of neurons
Unipolar, dendrite and axon continuously fused
Multipolar, common in CNS
Bipolar, single axon and single dendrite
Anaxonic, can't tell dendrites from axons, uncommon
spinal nerves
fusing forming a complicated pattern of fibers, nerve plexus
pair of spinal nerves at each segment of the spinal cord
carry both sensory afferent and motor efferent fibers
pairs of spinal nerves
Compare and Contrast the automatic nervous system
Similarities
Both are comparisons of the peripheral nervous system
Both are involved in controlling the muscular movement of the body
Automatic nervous systen
Controls involuntary muscular movement
Controls the heart as well as other smooth muscle movement blood vessels, lungs, kidney's
Controls blood pressure, sweat, salivary and digestive glands
Somatic nervous system
Controls the skeletal muscle in the body
Made up of afferent and efferent nerves
controls voluntary muscular movements
sends information from central nervous system to effector organs
Tissues ( structure and function of a neuron )
Neuroglia
Gila are not sensitive to stimuli, do not generate impulses, astroglial cell astrocyte, epidermal cell, microglial cell, schwann cell
Neurons
Transmits electrical impulses which moves information
Consists of motor neurons, sensory neurons, and relay neurons
Sensitive to stimuli
Anatomy of the spinal cord
Part of the central nervous system and is protected by bony structures of the vertebral column
Is covered by 3 membranes; Dura mater, Arachnoid mater and Pia mater
31 pairs; 8 pairs cervical; 12 pairs thoracic; 5 pairs lumbar; 1 coccygeal
Drugs that affect the brain
Heroine
LSD
Methamphetamine
Alcohol
Ecstasy
Marijuana
Major nerves of the body
Radial nerve
Median
Musculocutaneous nerve
Ulnar
Phrenic
Axillary nerve
Medial
Sciatic
Obturator
Tibal
Lumbar
Major functions of the nervous system
Integration
Motor output
Sensory input
Communicative
Action Potential
A short lasting electrical event which causes the membrane of the cell to fall and rise. A consistent wave that moves from the axon neuron to the axon terminal
Reflex arc
The sensory nerve cells receive stimulation, connect other nerves to activate muscle cells which will perform a reflex action
Major divisions
Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Neurotransmitters
Chemical transmitters moving across the synapses from one neuron to the next; This will influence a neuron to generate an action potential
Dopamine
Movement, thoughts and rewarding sensations
Serotonin
emotional states, sleep and sensory perception
Acetylcholine
learning memory muscle contractions
Norepinephrine
Physical arousal, learning, memory regulation of sleep
GABA
Brain activities and disorders
Endorphins
pain perception and emotion, addiction and disorders
Major parts of the brain and their functions
Hypothalamus
Maintenance functions such as eating control endocrine system
Pituitary gland
maser endocrine gland
Thalamus
Messages between lower brain and cerebral cortex
Reticular formation
control arousal
Corpus callosum
Communication between two hemipsheres
Medulla
controls heart beat and breathing
Cerebral Cortex
Analyze sensory data, perform memory functions, learn new information, thoughts and decisions
Spinal cord
Pathway of neural fibers from brain control simple reflexes
Cerebellum
movement and balance
Pons
Info from cerebral and cerebellum, controls arousal and regulates respiration
Divisions of PNS and the ANS
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous system
Parasympathetic Nervous system