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The Nervous System By: Philopater Migalli Period: 1 (Cranial nerves…
The Nervous System By: Philopater Migalli Period: 1
Tissues
Neurons
Drugs that affect the brain
Marijuana
Inhibition is turned off and dopamine is allowed to squirt into the synapse.
Methamphetamine
Meth. Replaces Dopamine neurotransmitters, allowing them to bind and get trapped in the synaptic Cleft
Ecstasy
The transporter becomes "confused" and starts to do its job in reverse.
Alcohol
First, it interacts with GABA receptors to make them even more inhibitory.
Second, it binds to glutamata receptors, preventing the gutamate from exciting the cell.
Heroine
When the body's natural opiates activate opiate receptors, the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters is shut down.
Cocaine
Cocaine blocks these transporters leaving dopamine trapped in the synaptic cleft.
LSD
LSD interacts with particular receptors, but not always in the same way.
anatomy of the spinal cord
The spinal cord is located inside the vertebral canal, which is formed by the foramina of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 5 sacral vertebrae, which together form the spine.
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
There are two major divisions of the nervous system. The first is the central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. The second is the peripheral nervous system, which consists of nerves that run throughout the body.
Major parts and
functions of the spinal cord
The spinal cord carries out two main functions: It connects a large part of the peripheral nervous system to the brain. Information (nerve impulses) reaching the spinal cord through sensory neurons are transmitted up into the brain.
divisions of the PNS of the
body
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Cranial nerves
vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
facial nerve (VII)
vagus nerve (X)
abducens nerve (VI)
accessory nerve (XI)
trigeminal nerve (V)
hypoglossal nerve (XII)
trochlear nerve (IV)
oculomotor nerve (III)
the optic nerve (II)
the olfactory nerve (I)
Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system
Autonomic Nervous System controls involuntary movements
The Autonomic Nervous System is a division of the PNS
Classification of neurons
Functional Classification of Neurons – Diagrammatic View. Nerve cells are functionally classified as sensory neurons, motor neurons, or interneurons. Sensory neurons (afferent neurons) are unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar shaped cells that conduct action potentials toward or into the central nervous system.
Names of all the lobes and their functions
Parietal Lobe
Recognizing faces & Patterns
Occipital Lobe
Sight
Temporal Lobe
Tasting
Hearing
Smelling
Sensory Cortex
Receiving Information from other organs
Motor Cortex
Movement
Frontal Lobe
Memory
Logic
Solving Problems
Personality
Learning
Diseases associated with the brain
Encephalopathy
Brain Tumor
Neurotransmitters
a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.
Major functions of the
nervous system
First, the nervous system collects sensory input from the body and external environment. Second, the nervous system then processes and interprets the sensory input. And finally, the third main function of the nervous system is to respond appropriately to the sensory input.
the layers of the meninges
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
Dura Mater
Spinal nerves
A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In the human body there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one on each side of the vertebral column.
Major parts of the brain and
their functions
Cerebellum
is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
Brain Stem
acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
Cerebrum
is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
Action potential
Depolarization
the cell undergoes depolarization, a rapid increase in membrane potential. This response is all or none, meaning that once the depolarization starts, it goes on for a set amount of time, then the sodium channels slam shut, preventing the axon from depolarizing.
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
Repolarization
After the action potential is sent down the axon, the initial segment needs to be reset to start a new impulse. This phase is called repolarization. When the membrane potential increases to a certain level, voltage-gated potassium channels open. Potassium also has a positive charge, but when the channels open, potassium rushes out of the cell. Since a positive ion is leaving, it makes the cell more negative.
Hyperpolarization
Eventually the cell gets so negative, it actually overshoots the original resting potential. This is called hyperpolarization. During this phase, the membrane potential is more negative than it would normally be. This makes it harder for a neuron to reach the threshold to send a signal than normal, limiting the number of signals that can be sent back to back. This is called the refractory period, where it is more difficult for a cell to start an action potential.
Spaces &
ventricles
Interventricular Foramen
Cerebral Aqueduct
Lateral Ventricle
Third Ventricle
Fourth Ventricle
Central Canal
Coverings
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
Dura Mater
Major nerves of the body
Autonomic Nerves
Cranial Nerves
Sensory Nerves
Motor Nerves
reflex arc.
the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between.