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Digestive System (LARGE INTESTINE: (ANAL CANAL (FUNCTION: 1) Has mucosal…
Digestive System
LARGE INTESTINE:
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ANAL CANAL
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SPHINCTER: Internal layer is smooth muscle, external is skeletal muscle.
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EPIPLOIC APPENDAGES: Pieces of fat, function of which is unknown.
STOMACH
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CELLS
PARIETAL CELLS: 1) Hydrochloric Acid. 2) Gastric Intrinsic Factor, needed to absorb B12 which is needed for production of erythrocytes.
CHIEF CELLS: 1) Secretes Pepsinogen, which becomes Pepsin in the presence of acid. 2) Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins.
SPHINCTERS
CARDIAC: Keeps food in stomach, prevents back flow into esophagus.
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SMALL INTESTINE
MAJOR FUNCTIONS: 1) Mechanical Digestion by means of segmentation. 2) Chemical Digestion via digestive enzymes. 3) Absorption of nutrients.
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GLANDS
DUODENAL GLANDS: Secrete ALKALINE mucus to neutralize the acid in chyme. Protects wall of intestine.
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DIGESTION
MECHANICAL DIGESTION: Physical breakdown into smaller pieces.
-In the mouth: chewing, teeth and tongue.
-Stomach: Churning into CHYME
-Small Intestine: Segmentation
CHEMICAL DIGESTION: Chemical breakdown of food.
-Mouth: Salivary glands, enzymes start the breakdown of food.
-Stomach: Strong acid (HCl) and enzymes
-Small Intestine: Enzymes + other substances
MESENTERY & PERITONEUM: Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum (simple squamous epithelium) attached from the body wall to the digestive organs.
-Holds organs in place
-Stores fat
-Blood vessels and nerves (to digestive organs) are located here
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LIVER
FUNCTIONS:
1) Filter toxins out of blood.
2) Digestive Function: To make bile to emulsify fats. Bile is stored in the GALL BLADDER.
3) Stores glucose in the form of GLYCOGEN.
4) Processes amino acids and lipids.
5) Stores vitamins.
6) Makes blood proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, globulin)
PORTAL CIRCULATION: Arteries>Capillaries (of digestive organs)>Veins>Capillaries (of liver)>Veins>Heart
GREATER OMENTUM: "Double layer" of tissue that hangs like a "folded curtain" over digestive organs. It migrates and surrounds an infected or inflamed organ or part of organ. Originates and ends at the stomach.
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PANCREAS
FUNCTION: Acini secrete 22+ enzymes that travel to the main pancreatic duct which empties into the duodenum. Acini also secrete bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.
EXCESSORY ORGANS: 1) Salivary glands (digestive enzymes) 2) Liver (makes bile) 3) Gall Bladder (stores bile) 4) Pancreas (digestive enzymes)
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INTRAPERITONEAL: Organs in peritoneal cavity.
-Transerve Colon
-Sigmoid Colon
-Liver
-Stomach
-Jejunum
-Ileum
RETROPERITONEAL: Organs not in peritoneal cavity, behind it.
-Duodenum
-Pancreas
-Ascending Colon
-Descending Colon
-Rectum