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The Nervous System Abril Perez P. 1 (Drugs (Heroine: interferes with…
The Nervous System
Abril Perez
P. 1
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Central Nervous System
:nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body, consists of the spinal cord and brain
Peripheral Nervous System
: nerve tissues outside of the brain and spinal cord
somatic nervous system
:voluntary control of body movements by skeletal muscles, consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves, and efferent nerves or motor nerves
autonomic nervous system
: involuntary movements(breathing)
sympathetic
: activates flight or fight response
parasympathetic
: rest and digest(slows heart rate & muscles)
Major functions of the
nervous system
collects sensory input from the body and external environment
processes and interprets the sensory input
respond appropriately to the sensory input
Diseases associated with the brain
Autism:
developmental neurological disorder, mutation in genes
Neuroses
: class of mental illness(anxiety, phobia)
encephalopathy
: any disease of the brain
Spinal Cord
Parts
8 cervical
12 thoracic .
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
Function:
relay messages from the brain to different parts of the body, to perform an action, to pass along messages from sensory receptors to the brain, and to coordinate reflexes that are managed by the spinal cord alone
Spinal Nerves
:mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body
Tissues
Structure:
nucleus,cell body, dendrite, axon hillock, myelin sheath, schwann cell, node of ranvier, axon, synapse, synaptic terminal
Function:
process and transmit information
Classification of neurons
Sensory Neuron:
converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses
Motor Neuron:
impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland
Interneuron:
transmits impulses between other neurons
Drugs
Heroine:
interferes with dopamine & inhibitory neurotransmitters and shuts them down that leads to a feeling of sedation
Ecstasy:
interferes with serotonin neurotransmitters and ecstasy acts as serotonin which confuses receptors that leads to change in mood, sleep, appetite
Marijuana:
interferes with dopamine & inhibitory neurotransmitters and cannabinoid receptors turn off release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, removes short term memories and gives feelings of calmness
Methamphetamine:
interferes with dopamine neurotransmitters and makes everything work in reverse and overstimulates cell that leads to intense pleasure
Alcohol:
interferes with GABA inhibitory neurotransmitter and glutamate and alcohol binds to glutamate receptors which prevents glutamate to leave cell that affects impulse control, decision making, memory formation
Cocaine:
interferes with dopamine neurotransmitters and cocaine blocks transporters and traps dopamine in synaptic cleft that affects voluntary movements
LSD:
interferes with serotonin neurotransmitters that excites receptors and leads to feeling of wakefulness and response to unexpected stimulus
Lobes and their functions
Frontal:
motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgement, impulse control, and social behavior
Temporal:
receives sensory information from the ears & memories, integrating them with sensations of taste, sound, sight and touch
Parietal:
sensation and perception, interpreting visual information and processing language
Occipital:
visual processing center
Action Potential
:the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell
Layers of the meninges
Dura Mater:
tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid Mater:
encloses and protects the vessels that supply the brain
Pia Mater:
adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
Major part of the brain and
their functions
Cerebrum
: is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres & integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body
Cerebellum
: coordinate and regulate muscular activity
Brain Stem
: controls the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body
Spaces &
ventricles
Perivascular space:
surround perforating vessels
Subarachnoid space:
interval between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater
Lateral Ventricle(R&L):
contain cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning for the brain while also helping to circulate nutrients and remove waste
Third Ventricle:
protect the brain from injury and transport nutrients and waste.
Fourth Ventricle:
protect the brain from trauma(cushion) & help form the central canal
Major nerves of the body
sensory nerves
motor nerves
Cranial Nerves
olfactory nerve, the optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, and hypoglossal nerve
autonomic nerves
Reflex Arc
:nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between