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Nervous System, Elena Trinh, Period 2 (drugs that affect the brain…

- - - - multipolar: 3+ processes
      - bipolar: 2 processes
      - according to the number of processes extending from the cell body
      - unipolar: 1 short process
    - - sensory/afferent: from sensory receptors in the skin/internal organs toward the CNS
      - motor/efferent: away from the CNS to the muscles & glands
      - according to the direction nerve impulses travel relative to the CNS
      - association//interneuron: shuttle signals through CNS pathways
- - - - spinal nerves carry impulses to & from the spinal cord
      - cranial nerves carry impulses to & from the brain
      - outside the CNS
      - subdivisions
        
        sensory (afferent) division
        
        somatic sensory fibers convey impulse from the skin, skeletal muscles, & joints
        
        nerve fibers convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors
        
        visceral sensory fibers transmit impulses from visceral organs
        
        motor (efferent division)
        
        transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs to activate muscles to contract & glands to secrete
        
        subdivisions
        
        somatic (voluntary) nervous system
        
        controls skeletal muscle
        
        autonomic (involuntary) nervous system
        
        sympathetic division: fight or flight system
        
        mobilizes body during activity (excitement, exercise, emergency, embarrassment)
        
        parasympathetic division: rest & digest system
        
        keeps body energy as low as possible (relaxing & reading after a meal)
        
        regulates activity of smooth & cardiac muscles and glands
        
        compare:
        
        both have motor fibers
        
        contrast:
        
        different efferent pathways & ganglia
        
        ANS: uses 2-neuron chain
        
        SNS: cell body & single thick myelinated axon
        
        different target organ responses
        
        ANS: release fibers
        
        SNS: release ACh
        
        different effectors
        
        SNS: innervated skeletal muscle
        
        ANS: innervated cardiac & smooth muscle and glands
    - - brain & spinal cord
      - interprets sensory input & dictates motor output
- - - - temporal: senses
      - parietal: processing sensory info, math, & language
      - frontal
        
        left: mathematics, logicistics, forming sentences
        
        right:creativity, arts (drawing, painting, music)
      - occipital: visual recognition
- - - - amino acids
      - peptides
      - biogenic amines
      - purines
      - acetylcholine
      - gases & lipids
      - gasotransmitters
      - endocannabinoids
    - - effects
        
        excitatory: cause depolarization
        
        inhibitory: cause hyperpolarization
      - actions
        
        direct: bind to and open ion channels
        
        indirect: act through intracellular second-messenger molecules