Nervous System

Major Functions of the nervous system

Lobes and their Functions

layers of meninges

Tissues (structure and function of a neuron)

classification of neurons

Major parts of the brain and function

Divisions and Subdivisions

spaces and ventricles

Major parts and function of spinal cord

Action Potential

Drugs that affect the Brain

Major nerves of the brain and the cranial

Divisions of the PNS of the Body

Frontal Lobe: is the control panel of the personality and the ability to communicate

Parietal Lobe: divides into two regions; one involving sensation and perception and the other one with integrating sensory input

Occipital Lobe: the right and left lobes communicating with one another controlling visual functions

Temporal Lobe: it processes memories, integrates with sensation of taste, sound, sight and touch

Arachnoid Matter: contains the blood vessels

Dura Matter: outer layer lining skull

Pia Matter: covers brain

Abducens Nerve: type of eyeball movemet

Facial Nerve: taste, tear, saliva, facial expression

Trigeminal Nerve: facial muscle and sensation

Vestibulocochlear Nerve: auditory

Trochlear Nerve: moves eyeballs

Glossopharyngeal Nerve: swallow, saliva, taste

Oculomotor Nerve: moves eyelid and eyeball and adjusts pupil and lens of eye

Vagus Nerve: control of PNS

Optic Nerve: sight

Accessory Nerve: move head and shoulder

Olfactory Nerve:Smell

Hypoglossal Nerve: tongue muscles

Third Ventricle (1): helps protect brain from injury, under fixon

Fourth Ventricle (1): help protect from trauma; under the cerebellum

Lateral Ventricle (2): cerebral fluid to cushion the brain and circulate nutrients and remove waste; under the Subcutaneous

Spinal Nerves

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

Neurotransmitters

2. process and interpret sensory input

3. to respond to the sensory input

1. is to collect the sensory input from the body and from the external environment

Central Nervous System (CNS): controls most functions of body and mind

Peripheral Nervous Systems (PNS): nerves that run through the body

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions

Somatic Nervous System: voluntary mov. of muscle, organs and reflex movements

Subdivisions

Brain

Parasympathetic Nervous System: stimulation of sexual arousal, salvation, lacrimation, urination, digestion and defecation

Sympathetic Nervous System: stimulate body fight-or-flight response

Cerebellum: receives information from sensory system, spinal cord and other parts of the brain and regulate motor movements

Cerebrum: divided into four regions that control senses, thoughts and movements

Brain Stem: controls flow of messages between brain and the rest of the body

Bipolar Neuron: 2 processes, 1 axon and 1 dendrite on the opposite side of the axon

Unipolar Neuron: 1 short process

Multipolar Neuron: more than 3 processes, 1 axon, the rest are dendrites

Sensory(afferent) Neuron: impulse from sensory receptors in skin or internal organs toward/into central nervous system

Motor(efferent) Neuron: impulse away from the CNS to effector organ

Structure:

9. Axon Hillock

10. Nucleus

8. Nucleus of Schwann Cell

11. Dendrite

7. Node of Ranvier

6. Synapse

5. Axon

4. Axon Terminal

12. Cell Body (Soma)

13. Presynaptic Membran

14. Synaptic Vesicle

3. Axon Branches

2. Schwann Cell

1. Myelin Sheath

15. Synaptic Cleft

16. Post Synaptic Receptor

17. Neurotransmitter

18. Post Synaptic Membrane

Function: in nervous system that function to process and transmit information

Parts

Functions

Lumbar (abdominal)

Sacral (pelvic)

Thoracic (chest)

Coccygeal (tailbone)

Cervical (neck)

to perform an action

to pass along messages from sensory receptors to the brain

relay messages from the brain to different parts of the body

coordinate reflexes that are managed by the spinal cord

Function: brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amplitude of about 100mV

Generating Action Potential:

2. Depolarization: Voltage-gated Sodium channels open

3. Repolarization: Sodium channels are inactivating and voltage-gated Potassium channels open

1. Resting State: all voltage-gated Sodium and Potassium channels close

4. Hyperpolarization: some Potassium channels remain open and Sodium channels reset

Metamphetamine: is very addictive because it causes intense pleasure and exhiliration because dopamine is interfered with by meth mimicing dopamine into the vesicle, kicking it out and the reverse action of transporters ejecting it out into the cleft trapping them

Alcohol: affects memory formation, decision making and impulse control because it interacts with GABA receptor making more inhibitory and attachs to glutamate preventing glutamate excite cell

Marijuana: makes someone high because the THC interferefs with dopamine and anadamide by squirting it into the det.

Cocaine: makes them become unstable because it traps neurotransmitters in the cleft making it connect to receptors again and again

Ectasy: it auses the change of mood, sleep, perception and appetite because the Serotonin is mimiced and is transported inside altering transports to serotonin being ejected

LSD: creates a wakefulness and a startle response to unexpected stimulus to the person because it elicits its effect by binding to serotin and can inhibit or excite the receptor

Heroine: is a pain killer because opiatic traps the dopamine which is suppose to be released

Diseases in the brain:

Parkinson's Disease: causes slowness of movement, stiffness and balance problems occur; degeneration of dopamine- releasing neurons of the substantia

Huntington's Disease: involuntary jerking or writhing movement, muscle problems, and or slow abnormal eye movements; when hun. protein accumalates in brain cells and tissues dies making it degenerating of basal nuclei later in cerebral cortex

Alzheimer's Disease: causes memory loss, short attention span, disorientation, eventual language loss; (1) cause is mutation in gene for APP,(2) presence of neurofibrillary angles inside neurons

Major of the Nerves of the Body

Sensory Nerves: send impulse in the opposite direction from motor neurons

Autonomic Nerves: regulates acitvity of heart muscle

Motor Nerves: send impulse from the brain and spinal cord the muscles all throughout the body

Cranial Nerves: twelve pairs, essential in vision, smell, eye and facial movements, salivation and tongue movements

Autonomic Nervous System: acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions

Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary movement of muscle, organs and reflex movements

Parasympathetic Nervous System: stimulation of sexual arousal, salvation, lacrimation, urination, digestion and defecation

Sympathetic Nervous System: stimulate body fight-or-flight response

5 Pairs of Lumbar Nerves (L1-L5)

5 Pairs of Sacral Nerves (S1-S5)

12 Pairs of Thoracic Nerves (T1-T12)

1 Pair of Coccygeal Nerves (Co1)

8 Pairs of Cervical Nerves (C1-C8)

Ascending Tracts

Dorsal White Column

Fasciculus cuneatus

Posterior spinocerebellar tract

Fasciculus gracilis

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

Anterior Spinocerebellar tract

Descending Tracts

Medial Reticulospinal Tract

Anterior Corticospinal Tract

Rubrospinal Tract

Vestibulospinal Tract

lateral Corticospinal Tract

Tectospinal Tract

Lateral teticulospinal Tract

Amino Acids: Occur in all cells of body in biochemical reactions

Peptides: neuropeptides- string of amino acids

Biogenic Amines: brain= emotional behavior and help regulate biological clock

Purines: ATP- cells energy; Adenosine- potent inhibition the brain

Acetylcholine: released at neuromuscular junctions; action- stimulates skeletal muscles and by many nerves

Gases and Lipids: gasotransmitters, nitricoxide, carbonm monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and endolanna binoids

Reflex Arc: nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between