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Class, ethnicity and gender as factors affecting the experience of…

- - - - Bourdieu
        
        economic inequality confers a range of cultural advantages based on social capital-social networks
    - - knowledge, skills and personal motivations
      - middle- and upper-class families are more child-centred
        
        working-class children: "here and now"/immediate gratification
        
        middle-class children: future orientation/deferred gratification
- - - - girls---reflective/non-mechanical
      - boys---active/mechanical/scientific
    - - girls---more domestic chores/behavior outside the home is more tightly controlled
  - - - they search for clues about gender-appropriate behavior from primary and secondary sources
      - peers shape and reinforces gender identity through e.g. games/ sports/ shared pastimes and activities which have gender connotations and expectations
        
        this creates gender bonds and reinforce identity barriers
        
        individuals who cross those invisible boundaries risk being negatively sanctioned for breaking identity norms---peer pressure-may be bullied or excluded
- - - - In North America and Western Europe ---extended notion of childhood through e.g. participation in compulsory education---result in different childhood categories e.g. teenager
      - childhood in contemporary societies has become increasingly fragmented
        
        as different ethnic groups develop different concepts as well as interpretations about aspects of childhood
        
        e.g. "adolescence" unrecognized till psychology developed as an academic discipline; Hine---"teenager"-late 1940s "new breed of American youth"
  - - - Pilcher
        
        the "daily temporal rhythm of children's lives is tightly controlled by adults"
      - "legitimate space" differs between ethnic groups e.g. Katz-Sudanese kids ---European/American kids
      - control of children's time, space and body is also closely related to class and gender
        
        Brannen and Oakley
        
        Asian parents placed greater restrictions on their children's freedom of movement and association, particularly with their daughters
        
        Song
        
        the significance of "the family as workplace" for some ethnic minority children in the UK, particularly Chinese ethnicities.
        
        children are co-opted into the family work place; children believe in "helping out" as part of a "family work contract"