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Mar_Ryan_block2_mm4 Metabolism (energy change (energy transfer (as energy…
Mar_Ryan_block2_mm4
Metabolism
energy change
equilibrium
closed system
only energy can travel in and out of a system
can only resist entropy if there is a net energy input
open system
energy and matter can travel in and out of a system
can resist increase in entropy
isolated sytem
neither energy nor matter is exchanged
cannot resist chaos; evolution of life is improbable
reactions
endergonic reactions absorbs free energy from its surroundings. It results in energy being stored in the products
exergonic reactions result in a negative change of free energy,
and release energy
free energy change
measures energy in a system that can perform work
when temp and pressure are constant
depending on the change in free energy value, a chemical
reaction may either be spontaneous or non-spontaneous
energy transfer
as energy travels through trophic levels, less and less energy becomes available as about 90% is lost to the environment as heat
energy is transferred through trophic levels, first from the
sun to producers, then from producers to consumers, and finally consumers to consumers
catabolic and anabolic pathways must also work in sync to
prevent equilibrium
a cell that reached chemical equilibrium is dead, so reactions must be able to keep going
ATP
structure
sugar (ribose)
nitrogenous base (adenine)
three phosphate groups
functions
energy from ATP is released through Hydrolysis of it into ADP
ADP can join with a phosphate to become ATP again, becoming a renewable energy source
ATP is the main energy source for many reactions throughout
your body, and can be used in many different ways
enzymes
activation energy
activation energy is the energy required by a chemical reaction in order to begin said reaction
activation energy prevents bonds of molecules from
spontaneously breaking apart, which can have a
detrimental impact on the body
functions
enzymes speed up the rate of metabolic reactions
they do this by lowering the required amount of
energy needed to start the reaction, namely by
providing a stable, and favorable environment
enzymes can be affected by
pH
enzymes are usually
most active at pH 6-8
temperature
enzymes favor higher temps than lower temps
because molecules move around faster and can
then create more reactions
matter and energy
organization
energy is organized into different parts
of the universe eg: planet, biomes, ecosystem,
etc
laws of thermodynamics
first law states that energy can't be created or
destroyed, only transferred
as energy goes through ecosystems, from the sun to
producers, a lot of energy is lost as heat, this
causes consumers to consume more to survive
second law states that an isolated system will increase in entropy (chaos) until thermodynamic equilibrium is reached
since our bodies have a natural tendency to
increase in entropy via aging, disease, etc.,
we must consume more energy to
counteract it. eg: eating
forms of energy
potential energy is energy an object possesses because of
its position or structure. Eg: a ball on top of a hill
chemical energy is potential energy available for use in a chemical reaction. Catabolic pathways release chemical
energy when breaking down molecules
kinetic energy is the energy of motion, when something
is doing work or in motion. Eg: a ball is rolling down a hill
thermal energy is heat energy, which is given off by the movement of atoms or molecules. Eg: Chemical reactions in our body produce heat when we are in motion
metabolic pathways
catabolic pathways break down large molecules
to release energy to your body
anabolic pathways use energy to build complex
molecules from simpler ones