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Nervous System Andrea Gutierrez Period 2 (Cranial Nerves (Abducens nerves,…
Nervous System Andrea Gutierrez Period 2
Major functions
Integration
The nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done
Motor Output
The nervous system activates effector organs to cause a response called motor output
Sensory Input
The nervous system uses its sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body
Layers of the meninges
Pia Mater
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Lobes
Parietal lobe
Language and touch
Occipital lobe
Sight
Temporal lobe
Hearing, learning, and feelings
Frontal lobe
Thinking, memory, behavior, and movement
Major divisions and subdivisions
Peripheral nervous system
Sensory (afferent) divison
Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
Motor (efferent) division
Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors
Somatic Nervous System
Conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic division
Mobilizes body systems during activity
Parasympathetic division
Conserves energy, and promotes house keeping functions during rest
Major Parts
Cerebellum
The cerebellum has several functions such as: Coordination, balance, muscle tone, and sense of body position
Brain stem
Controls the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body
Cerebrum
Controls all voluntary motor activity such as: Movement, sensory processing, communication, learning, and memory
Spaces and Ventricles
Third Ventricle
Fourth Ventricle
Lateral Ventricle
Largest ventricles of the brain
Classification of Neurons
Bipolar neurons
Have two processes, an axon and a dendrite
Unipolar neurons
Have one process that emerges from the cell body and divides into proximal and distal branches
Multipolar neurons
Have three or more processes, one axon and the rest dendrites
Major parts of the spinal cord
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal Vertebrae
The spinal cord receives and transmits electric signals throughout the body and then back to the brain
Action Potential
Definition: The action potential is a brief change in membrane potential in a patch of membrane that is depolarized by local currents
Generating an Action Potential
Depolarization: Voltage- gated Na channels open
3.Repolarization: Na channels are inactivating, and voltage- gated K channels open
Resting state: All voltage- gated Na and K channels are closed
Hyperpolarization: Some K channels remain open, and Na channels reset
Drugs that affect the brain
Alcohol
Cocaine
Methamphetamine
LSD
Marijuana
Ecstasy
Heroin
Diseases
Parkinson's disease- results from a degeneration of the dopamine- releasing neurons of the substantia nigra
Huntington's disease- a fatal hereditary disorder, strikes during middle age
Alzheimer's disease- a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia
Neurotransmitters
Acetycholine
Monoamines
Cholinergics
Norepinephrine
Anatomy of the spinal cord
Conus medullaris- a tapering cone shaped structure
Filum terminale- a fibrous extension of the conus covered by pia mater
Lumbar puncture- the subarachnoid space within the meningeal sac that provides an ideal spot for removing cerebrospinal fluid
Roots- is a part of the peripheral nervous system that attaches to the cord
Epidural space- located between the bony vertebrae and the spinal dura mater filled with a soft padding of fat and a network of veins
Denticulate ligaments- shelves of pia mater
Spinal dura mater- not attached to the bony walls of the vertebral column
Cauda equina- the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
Divisions of the PNS
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
Somatic nervous system
Sensory division
Motor division
Cranial Nerves
Abducens nerves
Facial nerves
Trigeminal nerves
Vestibulocochlear
Trochlear nerves
Glossopharyngeal nerves
Oculomotor nerves
Vagus nerves
Optic nerves
Accessory nerves
Olfactory nerves
Hypoglossal nerves
Spinal Nerves
Lumbar nerves
Sacral nerves
Thoracic nerves
Coccygeal nerves
Cervical nerves
Coverings
Bone
Dura mater
Periosteum
Arachnoid
Skin
Pia mater
Major nerves of the body
Central Nervous System
Peripheal Nervous System
Nervous Tissue
Functions
Sense changes in the environment
Respond by transmitting impulses
Location
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Structure
Nerve cells- neurons with cytoplasmic extensions
Neuroglial cells- support neurons
Compare and contrast
Autonomic
conscious
Involuntary
Two motor neurons
Smooth and Cardiac
Somatic
May become conscious
single motor neuron
Voluntary
Skeletal
Similarities
Axons
Axon terminals
Reflex arc
afferent neurons
interneurons
receptors
efferent neurons
effectors