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Utilitarianism (Doctrine of duties: greatest happiness of greatest number…
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- Intrinsic: what is that really matters in life?
- Duties: what are the right acts? what can we demand of each other?
- Doctrine of virtues: what traits make a person a good virtuous person?
- Identify what is intrinsically valuable? = X
- It is right (our duty) to produce X
- Since more of X has more value than less of X, it is our duty to maximize X
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- How much well-being are they likely to realize?
- Choose the action with the highest expected utility
Where death is, there is no state of mind, no feeling etc. We will not be unhappy if we are death; we will not experience it, so no influence on our well-being or happiness
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e.g. I think that my son, wife and students think highly of me
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The theory indicates that happiness consist merely in a feeling. But we are concerns with the after death, if people tell lies about your after your death, it affects your life.
We are so dependent on the afterlife. I think we live for trancedental reasons that have to do with the continuation of existence of man-kind.
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e.g. Leonardo builds helicopter, so apparently he wants mankind to fly.
Not always an experience aspect in it. Still affect my reputation, my life.
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"If everyone were to act according to utilitarian calculus, the world would turn in a horrible place"
- A) not be able to know what to expect from each other (difficult to accurately predict) - my choices depends on other's choice
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- B) motives like love and friendship would no longer admitted to guide our behaviour. One is our duty, and all the other is forbidden as we have to maxime that one. Other motives will not come into play
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We need rules, that do not follow from the calculus itself
Need those rules to be able to act at all - that come not from the calculus itself, but need to be the input of the calculus. Otherwise we don't know how to act
However, the rules they abide are not inviolable, they are rules of the thumb
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Actions from love etc. are not motivated by a desire to maxime happiness, but they are justified nevertheless, because they contribute substantially to happiness of the world
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You should always the rule, if it were followed by everyone else, it would have better results
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e.g. house on fire inhabited by bishop, other person is his maid
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Utilitarians can allow a 'moral division of labor' - together these partialities have the best result and therefore are justified
e.g. lawyer, doctor, journalist (doctor secrecy)
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