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Implementations Intentions: Strong Effects of Simple Plans (Gollwitzer,…

- - - - Commiting oneself to reaching desires outcomes or to performing desired behaviors
        
        Variables that determine effective goal pursuits: It matters how people frame their good intentions or goals.
        
        Challenging specific goals (as compared with challenging but vague goals)
        
        Feedback and self-monitoring advantages
        
        Goal-proximity effect: proximal goals leads to better performances than distal goals.
        
        Frame their good intentions as learning goals (to learn how to perform a given task)
        
        Focusing on promotion goals (presence or absence of positives outcomes) rather then prevention goals (focusing on the presence or absence of negative outcomes)
        
        It matters wether one can shield an ongoing goal pursuit from distractions.
        
        Emotion control
        
        Environment control
        
        Automatically controlled by selected situational cues
        
        The implementation of their goal intention is thus placed under the direct control of situational cues and removed from conscious and effortful control
        
        Creative integration
        
        Ex. the goal of studying and the goal of being with people = studying in groups.
        
        HOW?
        
        Anticipative decision
        
        Plan
        
        When goal pursuit is planned, goal-directed behaviors can be initiated immediately once a relevant situation is encountered.
        
        Fortful deliberations in situ are no longer required, action initiation should be efficient in the sense of demanding few cognitive resources.
        
        Action initiation may even occur with out a conscious intent.
        
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        The person would have to predecide only how to best escape these unwanted influences on behavior.
        
        Goal intentions
        
        «I entend to reach X»
        
        Implementation intentions
        
        «When situation X arises, I will perform response Y!»
        
        Serve the purpose of promoting the attainment of the goal specified in the goal intention
        
        «Passing the control of one's behavior on to the environment»
        
        Are subordinate to goal intentions
        
        Specify WHEN? WHERE? IN WHAT WAY?
        
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        Very effective self-regulatory strategy
        
        helping people get started
  - - - When people are highly absorbed in an ongoing activity (ex. eating fastfood), wrapped up in rumination, gripped by an intense emotional experience, or simply tired, chances are high that they will not seize an available opportunity to act on their goals, simply because the opportunity fails to attract attention.