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Central Nervous System (Drugs that affect the brain (Hallucinogens…

- - - - "little Brain"
        
        two hemispheres and vermiss in between
    - - pons
        
        connects spinal cord with brain
        
        links parts of brain with one another
      - midbrain
        
        cerebral peduncles
        
        corpora quadrigemina
      - medulla oblongata
        
        regulates
        
        vasomotor center
        
        respiratory center
        
        cardiac center
    - - lobes
        
        Parietal Lobe
        
        top sides
        
        Temporal lobe
        
        above the ears
        
        Occipital lobe
        
        back of cerebrum
        
        Frontal lobe
        
        near the forehead
      - largest portion of the brain
      - fissures
        
        coronal sulcus
        
        separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
        
        transverse fissure
        
        separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum
        
        longitudinal fissures
        
        separates right and left cerebral hemispheres
        
        lateral fissure
        
        separates the parietal and frontal lobes from the temporal lobe
    - - superior to brain stem
        
        surrounded by cerebrum
        
        can only be seen when the brain is cut open
      - hypothalamus
        
        controls regulation eating, drinking, and body temp.
      - thalamus
        
        surrounded by the 3rd ventricle
        
        relay station for sensory impulses to cerebral cortex
  - - - grooves
    - - on the cerebrum (convolutions) bumps
    - - deeper grooves than sulci
- - - - motor efficient neurons
        
        carry info. instructions away from CNS to target or effector organs of the body
      - sensory afficient neurons
        
        carry out info. from body to CNS
    - - brings info from
        
        skin to CNS
        
        special senses to CNS
        
        body wall to CNS
        
        limbs to CNS
        
        motor neurons to skeletal muscles
    - - bring info. from receptors in internal organs to CNS and motor neurons to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands
      - responses are involuntary
  - - - info. is integrated
      - thoughts and emotions are generated
      - memories are formed and stored
      - most nerve impulses that influence effector organs begin in CNS
- - - - cell body
        
        contains nucleus and other organelles
      - dendrites
        
        receiving portions, short, tapered highly branched
      - axons
        
        start off as a single fiber but give off branches
        
        collateral axon
        
        end in synaptic bulb
      - classification
        
        bipolar
        
        one main dendrite
        
        1 axon usually found in the special sense organs
        
        multipolar
        
        several dendrites
        
        1 axon
        
        most neurons in CNS are this type
        
        unipolar
        
        just one process
        
        always sensory neurons
        
        axon terminals are in CNS and cell bodies in gangalia
      - myelin
        
        surrounds most axons
        
        acts as an insulator
        
        increase speed at which the impulse travels
        
        gaps between sheaths
        
        called nodes of ranvier
      - functional classification
        
        efferent (sensory)
        
        transmit motor nerve impulses from CNS to effectors
        
        Interneurons
        
        multipolar neurons
        
        in CNS form links between other neurons
        
        afferent (sensory)
        
        transmit sensory impulses
        
        have specialized receptor ends at tips of dendrites
    - - acts in support, guiding development, and stimulation and maintenance
        
        types of neuroglia
        
        in CNS
        
        astrocytes
        
        star shaped with many processes
        
        hold neurons close to blood vessels
        
        help form the blood-brain barrier
        
        microglia
        
        small, have fewer processes, and are phagocytes
        
        protects the CNS phagocytizing microbes
        
        clearing debris from inflammation and tissue damage
        
        oligodendrocytes
        
        most common
        
        form the myelin sheath
        
        ependymal
        
        form the cerebrospinal fluid
        
        also assists in its circulation
        
        in PNS
        
        satellite
        
        flattened cells
        
        found around cell bodies of neurons in gangalia
        
        gangalia
        
        bunched up cells
        
        bodies found in PNS
        
        schwann
        
        supply myelin sheath to axons in the PNS
        
        aids in the regrowth of damaged peripheral axons
- - - - 3b) threshold potential is reached(+30) and impulse is sent down axon
    - - 4b) causes a repolarization of the membrane back to resting potential
- - - - recurring seizures caused by abnormal and excessive electrical activity in the brain
  - - - sometimes unconsciousness and confusion
        
        can cause concussions and result in headaches with concentration and memory problems
  - - - often occurs together with meningitis
  - - - may occur after a traumatic head injury or stroke
        
        can result from high blood pressure
  - - - can be deadly in remained untreated
  - - - abnormal tissue growth inside the brain
        
        usually cause problems by the pressure exerted on the normal brain
  - - - severe throbbing recurring pain on one side of the head
        
        possible for it to happen on both sides of head
- - - - by mouth snorting, or smoking
        
        hallucinogen
        
        causes hallucinations and higher body temperature, sweating and dry mouth, experience several emotions at once
  - - - injections, snorting, smoking
        
        stimulant
        
        "rush" of pleasure, hours of drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, insomnia, etc.
  - - - depressant
        
        liquid ecstasy
        
        can lead to seizures loss of consciousness, coma and even death
  - - - sniffing fumes, huffing, from and inhalant, soaked rag stuffed into mouth
        
        depressant
        
        permanent brain damage, or sudden death, affects brain with great force and speed
  - - - stimulants
        
        produces hallucinations and an "escape from reality" effect in the user
  - - - smoked as a cigar or hollow cigar, in a pipe, in a pen, in a bong
        
        depressant
        
        causes peaceful or euphoric sensation in user, short memory and attention span, affects coordination, and balance and slows reaction time
  - - - snorting, injection, smoke
        
        stimulant
        
        speeds up brain activity, and nervous system , increases energy and mental alertness
  - - - taken by mouth
        
        depressant, hallucinogen
        
        panic attacks, seizures, heart and kidney problems, chills, muscle cramping, and involuntary teeth clattering
  - - - taken by mouth or injection
        
        stimulant
        
        increases risk of heart attack or stroke,
  - - - mouth, snorting, injection, smoking
        
        stimulant
        
        mental alertness and increase in energy, elevates body temperature, violent behavior, anxiety, insomnia, paranoia, delusions
  - - - taken by drinking
        
        depressant
        
        temporarily produces a drowsy effect, affects coordination, balance, impairs reasoning, and speech