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Nervous System Ana Chen Period 1 (Drugs that affect the brain (Heroine…
Nervous System Ana Chen Period 1
MAJOR
Subdivisions
PNS: motor, impulses from CNS to effectors
PNS: sensory, conveying impulses to CNS
Divisions
Central Nervous system: brain/spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous system: systems outside of the CNS
Classification of neurons
Motor Neuron: impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland
Sensory neuron: converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses
Interneuron: transmits impulses between other neurons
Autonomic nervous system
Somatic Nervous System is the part of the peripheral nervous system that handles voluntary control of body movements. ... The ANS controls the connections between the brain, spinal cord and organs/glands, whereas the SNS connects external sensory organs through the brain to the muscles
Major Parts of the brain and their functions
brain stem: controls the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body
cerebrum: largest part of the brain, composed of right and left hemispheres and integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiaton and coordination of voluntary activity in the body
cerebellum: coordinate and regulate muscular activity
PARTS
Ventricle
fourth
protects brain from trauma and helpsform the central canal
third
-protects the brain from injury and and transports nutrients and waste.
lateral
contains cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning for the brain while also helping to circulate nutrients and remove waste.
Spaces
Subarachnoid space: interval between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater
Perivascular space: surround perforating vessels
Tissues
function: process and transmit info
structure nucleus, cell body, dendrite, axon hillock, myelin sheath, schwann cell, node of ranvier, axon,synapse, synaptic terminal.
Lobes
Temporal
Sensory, perception, and memory
Frontal
higher level thinking
Parietal
movement and sensation
Occucipital
sight
Major Functions
Integration: the process of interpreting/processing input/deciding what to do
Motor output: activation of effector organs causing a response.
Sensory Inupt: use of sensory receptors monitor changes within/out the body. Info gathered is sensory input.
Major nerves of the body
motor nerves
autonomic nerves
sensory nerves
Layers of Meninges
Arachnoid Mater: encloses and protects the vessels that supply the brain
Pia Mater: adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
Dura Mater: tough exterior cover enveloping the brain and spinal cord.
neurotransmitters
ACETYLCHOLINE: works both in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). is also an excitory transmitter
GLUTAMATE: amino acid that also serves as a neurotransmitter. It is the major excitatory neurotransmiter in the CNS.
ATP: can also serve as an excitatory neurotransmitter
SEROTONIN: metabotropic receptors.
DOPAMINE: play a role in reward-learning, schizophrenia, memory, attention, problem-solving, and personality traits.
Drugs that affect the brain
Heroine
Inhibits dopamine from being released. Sedates people.
Coaine
Blocks transporters, makes dopamine trapped. dopamine binds and continues=over stimulation. Results in voluntary and involuntary movements
LSD
Resembles seratonin binding. Inhibits or excites. Results in wakefulness, unexpexted stimulus, and different sensory
Alcohol
Interacts with GABA makes it more inhibitory, binding to glutamate, prevents from exiting the cell
Marijuana
Interferes with dopamine and inhibitory neurotransmitters and cannabinoid receptors turn off release of inhibitory neurotransmitters removes short term memories and gives feelings of calmness
Ecstasy
Replaces serotonin and kicks the serotonin out, causing over stimulation. Impacts mood, sleep perception and appetite
Methamphetamine:
Meth replaces dopamine and forces dopamine out . Causes receptors to work in reverse, pumping dopamine into synapse. Causes over stimulation.
Spinal Nerves
Mixed nerve, which carries motor sensory and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body.
MAJOR (spinal cord)
FUNCTIONS
To send messages to the body in order to do an action to pass along messages to sensory receptors, and to coordinate reflexes that are managed by the spinal cord alone
PARTS
5 lumbar
5 sacral
12 thoracic
1 coccygeal
8 cervical
Anatomy of the spinal cord
located inside the vertebral canal, which is formed by the foramina of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 5 sacral vertebrae, which together form the spine
Cranial Nerves
olfactory nerve, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trigeminal, nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, and hypoglossal nerve.
divisions of PNS
sympathetic: activates flight or fight response
somatic nervous system: voluntary control of body movements by skeletal muscles, consists of afferent nerves or sensory
parasympathetic: rest and digest
Action Potential
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle or nerve cell
coverings
Arachnoid Mater: encloses and protects the vessels that supply the brain
Pia Mater: adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
Dura Mater: tough exterior cover enveloping the brain and spinal cord.
Diseases that affect the brain
Alzheimer's Disease: progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions.
Parkinson's Disease: marked by the presence of certain recognizable symptoms. These include uncontrollable shaking or tremor, lack of coordination, and speaking difficulties.
Huntington's disease: a hereditary condition in which your brain’s nerve cells gradually break down. This affects your physical movements, emotions, and cognitive abilities.
Reflex Arc
nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between