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Central Nervous System (drugs that affect the brain (alcohol (depressant),…

- - - - these muscles or glands are called effectors
- - - - cerebral cortex
        
        dark outer are consists of gray matter- contains cell bodies of 75 percent of all neurons in the nervous system
      - longitudinal fissure
        
        separates brain into right and left cerebral hemispheres
      - corpus callosum
        
        connects both hemispheres
      - transverse fissure
        
        separates cerebrum and cerebellum
  - - - thalamus
        
        surrounded by 3rd ventricle
        
        relay station for sensory impulses to cerebral cortex
        
        plays a role in emotions, memory, awareness, and cognition
      - hypothalamus
        
        under the thalamus
        
        controls regulation eating and drinking
        
        controls body temperature
        
        regulation of consciousness, emotional and behavioral, synchronizes day and night cycles
        
        emotional aspects of behavior and aids in memory, the pleasure center
        
        pituitary gland- hangs down anterior portion of the hypothalamus
    - - connects spinal cord to diencephalon
      - parts of midbrain
        
        cerebral peduncles - little feet of cerebrum
      - corpora quadrigemina'
        
        reflex center for movement in response to sound and usual stimuli
      - pons
        
        connects spinal cord with brain and link parts of brain with one another by way of tracts
        
        aids in control of breathing
      - medulla oblongata
        
        cardiac center- heart rate
        
        vasomotor center- constricts blood vessels
        
        respiratory center- rate and depth of breathing
        
        other centers coordinate swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and hiccupping
        
        reticular formation
        
        responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep
  - - - white matter tracts are called "arbor vitae" free of life
      - cerebellar penducles- connects cerebellum to other parts of brain
      - coordination, balance, and posture'
      - damage would show loss of muscle tone and inaccurate
  - - - protecting brain from harmful substances
    - - connect third and fourth ventricles
- - - - contain tracts inside gray matter
      - primary motor cortex
      - in front of central sulcus in precentral
      - controls voluntary actions of specific muscles or groups of muscles on the opposite side of the body
      - broca's area
        
        coordinates muscle movements for speech
      - association areas
        
        concerned with more complex integrative functions, such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, and intelligence
  - - - olfactory area
        
        smell
      - auditory area
        
        hearing
  - - - primary somatosensory cortex
      - behind central sulcus in postcentral gyrus
      - receives impulse for touch, pain, proprioception, and temperature
  - - - visual area
        
        vision
      - visual recognition
      - color perception
- - - - star shaped cells with many processes
    - - form the myelin sheath for neurons of cns
    - - small, have fewer processes, are phagocytes
    - - form the csf and also assist in its circulation
  - - - supply myelin sheathes to axons
    - - flattened cells found cell bodies of neurons in ganglia
    - - bunched up cell bodies
- - - - neurons of CNS are mostly this type
- - - - abuse, addiction, vomiting, drowsy, and lack of physical control
  - - - abused, promote muscle growth, increase risk of heart attacks, strokes, and liver problems
  - - - increased energy, mental alertness, seizures, strokes
  - - - disconnected from reality, convulsions, coma
  - - - relaxing, deadly, seizures
  - - - hallucinations, sweating, loss of apetite
  - - - drowsiness, nausea, vomitting
  - - - brain with great force and speed, sudden death
  - - - peaceful, sleepy, depressed
  - - - energizing, chills, seizure
  - - - mental alertness, increase energy, convulsions
  - - - intense craving, stroke, cancer