Central Nervous System.
Major functions of the
nervous system
Major part of the brain and their functions
Names of all the lobes and their
functions
Layers of the meninges;
Spaces & ventricles
Tissues
Classification of neurons
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
Action potential
Drugs that affect the brain
Diseases associated with the brain
sensory function
integrative function
motor function
it may respond to stimuli by initiating muscular contractions or glandular secretions
detects changes in stimuli within the body & outside body
it analyzes sensory info, stores some aspects & makes decisions regarding appropriate behaviors
these muscles or glands are called effectors
heroine
ecstasy
marijuana
methamphetamine
alcohol
cocaine
LSD
interferes with inhibitory & dopamine neurotransmitters
interferes with the serotonin neurotransmitter
interferes with the dopamine neurotransmitter
interferes with dopamine neurotransmitter
interferes with inhibitory & dopamine neurotransmitter
interferes with GABA & glutamate neurotransmitter
interferes with serotonin neurotransmitter
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
outermost layer
dense, irregular C.T> with many blood vessels & nerves
attached to penosteum
meningitis: Inflammation of meninges
spider web-like collagen & elastic fiber
thin membranes that lack blood vessels
subdural space: fluid filled area between dura & subarachnoid maters
innermost nearly transparent layer
has many nerves & blood vessels
cerebrum: largest portion
diencephalon: superior to brainstem, surrounded by cerebrum
brain stem
made of: thalamus & hypothalamus
connects spinal cord to diencephalon
cerebellum: little brain
made of: vermis, gyri gyrus, sulcus & fissures
cerebral cortex: contains cell bodies of 75% of all neurons in the nervous system
longitudinal fissure: separates brain into right & left
corpus callosum: connects both hemispheres
four lobes
lateral fissures: divides temporal lobe from frontal & parietal
central sulcus: divides frontal & parietal
transverse fissure: separates cerebrum & cerebellum
medulla: regulates cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory center, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing & hiccuping
pons: connects spinal cord with brain & links parts of brain with one another by the way of tracts( nerve fibers within the CNS) & aid in control of breathing
midbrain: reflex center for movement in response to sound & visual stimuli
frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital
primary somatosensory cortex: behind central sulcus in postcentral gyrus
receives impulses for touch, pain, proprioception & temp
primary motor cortex: in front of central sulcus in precentral gyrus
controls voluntary actions of specific muscles or groups of muscles of the opposite side of body
vision & visual recognition
smell & hearing
CSF: protects, cushions brain & spinal cord
3rd ventricle: receives CSF from the lateral ventricle
1) nerve impulses is transmitted during action potential
2) strong enough stimulation or nerve impulse causes Na+ gates to open- Na+ rush into cell causing depolarization (membrane potential goes towards OV or unpolarized & momentarily becomes positively charged
3) if a strong enough depolarization occurs, threshold potential is reached (+30) & impulse is sent down axon
K+ rush out of neuron after Na+ rush in, which causes a depolarization of the membrane back to resting potential
multipolar: several dendrites & one axon- neurons of CNS are mostly this type
bipolar: one main dendrite & one axon- usually found in special sense organs
unipolar: just one process & are always sensory neurons; axon terminals are in CNS & cel bodies in ganglia
Central canal: protects neurons with CSF
4th ventricle: receives CSF from third ventricle
lateral ventricles: receives cerebral spinal fluid from choroid plexuses
Ventral root: carries info from brain out to the body
Dorsal root: sends info up to brain for analysis
Dorsal root ganglion: afferents; relays information to the brain and spinal cord
Spinal nerve: mixed nerves that carry information to the brain
White matter: carry info up and down spinal cord
Gray matter: receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information
nervous tissue: transmits impulses that coordinate body activities
Concussion: slight and transient brain injury
Contusion: traumatic injury that destroys brain tissue
Coma: total non-responsivness to stimulation
Cerebral edema: after head injury, retention of water by brain
Alzheimer's Disease: progressive degeneration of the brain with abnormal protein deposits
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA): results when a brain region is deprived of blood or exposed to prolonged ischemia